Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

119640

.pdf
Скачиваний:
27
Добавлен:
19.02.2016
Размер:
3.02 Mб
Скачать

60 Stato Maggiore delta Difesa. Servizio Informationi delle Forze Armate. Ufficio

R Sezione SAD: Le forze speciali del SIFAR e l'operazione GLADIO. Roma, l Giugno 1959. The document is contained in Mario Coglitore (ed.), La Notte dei Gladiatori. Omissioni e silenze della Repubblica (Padova: Calusca Edizioni, 1992), pp. 118-130.

61 Belgian Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry into Gladio, as summarised in British periodical Statewatch, January/February 1992.

62Jan de Willems, Gladio (Brussels: Editions EPO, 1991), p. 24.

63Willems, Gladio, p. 81.

64Quoted in Willan, op. cit., p. 27.

65Arthur Rowse, Gladio. The Secret US War to subvert Italian Democracy. In: Covert Action Quarterly, No. 49, Summer 1994, p. 3.

66Baud, Encyclopedie, p. 546.

67Porch, Secret Services, p. 439.

68Ibid., p. 438.

69Ibid., p. 395.

70Ibid., p. 439.

71Ibid., p. 437.

72Ibid., p. 438, referring to Foccart's biographer Pierre Pean.

73Ibid., p. 439.

74Baud, Encyclopedie, p. 546 and French daily Le Monde, November 16, 1990.

75Porch, Secret Services, p. 446. The report of the French parliamentarian commission

into SAC is called: 'Rapport de la commission d'enquete sur les activity du Service d'Action Civique', Assembled Nationale. Seconde sesion ordinaire de 1981-1982, No. 955, Alain Moreau, Paris 1982.

76Intelligence Newsletter, November 21, 1990.

77Porch, Secret Service, p. 590.

78Ibid., p. 446.

79Ibid., p. 404.

80Jonathan Kwitny, The CIA's Secret Armies in Europe: An International Story. In: The Nation, April 6, 1992, pp. 446 and 447.

81French daily Le Monde, November 14, 1990. International news agency Reuters, November 12, 1990. British daily The Guardian, November 14,1990.

82Quoted in Gentile, Gladio, p. 141. Also quoted by international news service Associated Press, November 13,1990.

8THE SECRET WAR IN SPAIN

1In his introduction to Ian Mac Dougall, Voices from the Spanish Civil War. Personal Recollections of Scottish Volunteers in Republican Spain, 1936-1939 (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1986).

2Paul Vallely, Romancing the past: Sixty years ago, thousands of men and women went to fight in the Spanish Civil War. Are there any ideals for which we would take up arms today? In: British daily The Independent, July 22, 1996.

3Brian Catchcart, They kept the red flag flying: It is 60 years since General Franco launched his assault on the Spanish Republic and thousands of young Britons joined the International Brigades to defend it. What drove them to leave homes, jobs and families, risking their lives? And what did they find when they returned? In: British weekly The Independent on Sunday, July 21, 1996.

4US daily The New York Times, October 16, 1936.

5James Hopkins, Into the Heart of Fire. The British in the Spanish Civil War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 294.

278

6 Example taken from the British daily The New Statesman, April 26, 1958.

7 Calvo Sotelo asegura que Espana no fue informada, cuando entro en la OT'AN, de la existencia de Gladio. Moran sostiene que no oyo hablar de la red clandestina mientras fue ministro de Exteriores. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 21, 1990.

8Roger Paligot and Remi Kaufer, Le Maitres Espions. Histoire mondiale du renseignement. De la Guerre Froide a nos jours (Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1994), p. 282.

9Faligot and Kaufer, Espions, p 284.

10 For a good biography on Franco compare Paul Preston, The folly of appeasement: Franco: A Biography (London. HarperCollins, 1993).

11Faligot and Kaufer, Espions, pp. 281-285.

12Calvo Sotelo asegura que Espana no fue informada, cuando entro en la OTAN, de la existencia de Gladio. Moron sostiene que no oyo hablar de la red clandestina mientrasfue ministro de Exteriores. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 21, 1990.

13Faligot and Kaufer, Espions, p. 55.

14Angel Luis de la Calle, Gladio: Ligacoes obscuras em Espanha. In: Portuguese daily Expresso, December 8, 1990.

15Josef Manola, Spaniens Geheimdienste vor der Durchleuchtung. Naehe zu Rechtsradikalen.

In: German daily Der Standard, November 17, 1990.

16The Swiss Gladio investigator judge Cornu later simply claimed that Moyen was an untrustworthy source.

17Calvo Sotelo asegura que Espana no fue informada, cuando entro en la OTAN, de la existencia de Gladio. Moran sostiene que no oyo hablar de la red clandestina mientras fue ministro de Exteriores. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 21, 1990.

18Faligot and Kaufer, Espions, p. 285.

19Pietro Cedomi, Services Secrets, Guerre Froide et 'stay-behind' Part III. Repetoire des resaux S/B. In: Belgian periodical Fire! Le Magazin de l'Homme d'Action, November/ December 1991, p. 83.

20Stuart Christie, Martin Lee and Kevin Coogan, Protected by the West's Secret Services, Hired by South American's Drug Barons, the Man they called 'Shorty' Terrorised Two Continents. In: British periodical News on Sunday Extra, May 31, 1987. Christie is a leading expert on Delle Chiaie. Compare his book Stuart Christie, Stefano Delle Chiaie (London: Anarchy Publications, 1984).

21Miguel Gonzalez, Un informe oficial italiano implica en el crimen de Atocha al 'ultra' Cicuttini, relacionado con Gladio. El fascista fue condenado en el proceso que ha sacado a la luz la estructura secreta de la OTAN. In: Spanish daily El Pais, December 2, 1990.

22Senato delta Repubblica. Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e

sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabiliy delle stragi: II terrorismo, le stragi ed il contesto storico politico. Redatta dal presidente della Commissione, Senatore Giovanni Pellegrino. Roma 1995, p. 203.

23 Angel Luis de la Calle, Gladio: ligacoes obscuras em Espanha. In: Portuguese daily Expresso, December 8, 1990. And Miguel Gonzalez, Un informe oficial italiano implica en el crimen de Atocha al 'ultra' Cicuttini, relacionado con Gladio. El fascista fue condenado en el proceso que ha sacado a la luz la estructura secreta de la OTAN. In: Spanish daily El Pais, December 2, 1990.

24International news agency Agence France Press, April 17, 1998.

25Gerardo Serravalle, Gladio (Roma: Edizione Associate, 1991). Another Italian General

 

who commanded the Gladio army from 1974 to 1986, Paolo Inzerilli, also wrote

 

a somewhat apologetic book on the secret army, Paolo Inzerilli, Gladio. La Verita

 

negata (Bologna: Edizioni Analisi, 1995).

26

Serravalle, Gladio, p. 81.

27

Ibid, p. 82.

279

28 Ibid, p. 82.

29 Pietro Cedomi, Services Secrets, Guerre Froide et 'stay-behind' Part III. Repetoire des resaux S/B. In: Belgian periodical Fire! Le Magazin de l'Homme d'Action, November/ December 1991, p. 83.

30 Josef Manola, Spaniens Geheimdienste vor der Durchleuchtung. Naehe zu Rechtsradikalen. In: German daily Der Standard, November 17, 1990.

31 Spain says it never joined Gladio. TV says agents trained there. Reuters, international news service, November 23, 1990. Compare also Leo Muller, Gladio. Das Erbe des Kalten Krieges. Der NATO Geheimbund und sein deutscher Vorlaufer (Hamurg: Rowohlt, 1991), p. 53.

32 Calvo Sotelo asegura que Espana no fue informada, cuando entro en la OTAN, de la existencia de Gladio. Moran sostiene que no oyo hablar de la red clandestina mientras fue ministro de Exteriores. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 21, 1990.

33 Calvo Sotelo asegura que Espana no fue informada, cuando entro en la OTAN, de la existencia de Gladio. Moran sostiene que no oyo hablar de la red clandestina mientras fue ministro de Exteriores. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 21, 1990.

34 Germany to dissolve Gladio resistance network. Reuters international news service, November 16,1990.

35 IU recabara en Bruselas informacion sobre la red Gladio en Espana. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 20, 1990.

36 El servicio espanol de inteligencia mantiene estrechas relaciones con la OTAN. Serra ordena indagar sobre la red Gladio en Espana. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 16,1990

37 Spain says it never joined Gladio. TV says agents trained there. Reuters international news service, November 23, 1990.

38 IU recabara en Bruselas informacion sobre la red Gladio en Espana. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 20, 1990.

39 Calvo Sotelo asegura que Espana no fue informada, cuando entro en la OTAN, de la existencia de Gladio. Moran sostiene que no oyo hablar de la red clandestina mientras fue ministro de Exteriores. In: Spanish daily El Pais, November 21, 1990.

9 THE SECRET WAR IN PORTUGAL

1 John Palmer, Undercover NATO Group 'may have had terror links'. In: British daily The Guardian, November 10, 1990.

2Michael Parenti, Against Empire (San Francisco: City Light Books, 1995), p. 143.

3Joao Paulo Guerra, 'Gladio' actuou em Portugal. In: Portuguese daily O Jornal, November 16, 1990.

4Senato della Repubblica. Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e

 

sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabiliy delle stragi: Il terrorismo,

 

le stragi ed il contesto storico politico. Redatta dal presidente della Commissione,

 

Senatore Giovanni Pellegrino. Roma 1995, pp. 204 and 241.

5

Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della man-

 

cata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi. 12th session, March 20, 1997. URL:

 

www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/terror/stenografici/stenol2.htm.

6

Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata

 

individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi. 9th session, February 12, 1997. URL:

 

www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/terror/stenografici/steno9.htm.

7

Jeffrey M. Bale, Right wing Terrorists and the Extraparliamentary Left in Post World

 

War 2 Europe: Collusion or Manipulation? In: British periodical Lobster Magazine,

 

Nr. 2, October 1989, p. 6.

8

French periodical Paris Match, November 1974. Quoted in Stuart Christie, Stefano

 

delle Chiaie (London: Anarchy Publications, 1984), p. 27.

280

9 Egmont Koch and Oliver Scrom, Deckname Aginter Die Geschichte einer faschistischen Terror Organisation, p. 4. (Unpublished essay of 17 pages. Undated, ca. 1998).

10 See Christie, delle Chiaie, passim.

11Ibid., p. 29.

12This document was allegedly found in the former office of Guerain-Serac after the

Portuguese revolution of 1974. It is contained in the Belgian dictionary on terrorism in Belgium by Manuel Abramowicz. See entry 'Guerin Serac' in: Le dictionnaire des annees de plomb belges. On the Internet: www.users.skynet.be/avancees/idees.htm.

13Quoted in Christie, delle Chiaie, p. 32. Also in Lobster, October 1989, p. 18.

14Ibid., p. 30.

15Joao Paulo Guerra, 'Gladio' actuou em Portugal. In: Portuguese daily O Jornal, November 16, 1990.

16Ibid. And Christie, delle Chiaie, p. 30.

17Senato del la Repubblica. Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in

 

Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabiliy delle stragi:

 

Il terrorismo, le stragi ed il contesto storico politico. Redatta dal presidente della

 

Commissione, Senatore Giovanni Pellegrino. Roma 1995, p. 157.

18

Fabrizio Calvi and Frederic Laurent produced a remarkable documentary on the

 

massacre entitled Piazza Fontana: Storia di un Complotto broadcasted on December

 

11, 1997 at 8:50 p.m. on the Italian state television Rai Due. And was shown again in

 

its French version, L' Orchestre Noir: La Strategic de la tension, in two blocks on

 

January 13, 1998 and January 14, 1998 at 20:45 on French Channel Arte. Relying

 

strongly on oral history they questioned a large number of witnesses including the

 

judges that for years investigated the massacres, Guido Salvini and Gerardo D'Ambrosio,

 

as well as right-wing extremists Stefano Delle Chiaies, Amos Spiazzi, Guido

 

Giannettini, Vincenzo Vinciguerra, and officials including Captain Labruna and Prime

 

Minister Gulio Andreotti of the DCI. Moreover they interviewed Victor Marchetti and

 

Marc Wyatt of the CIA.

19

Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata

 

individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi. 9th session, February 12, 1997. URL:

 

www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/terror/stenografici/steno9.htm.

20

Philip Willan, Terrorists 'helped by CIA' to Stop Rise of Left in Italy. In: British daily

 

The Guardian, March 26, 2001. Willan is an expert on US covert action in Italy. He

 

published the very valuable book Puppetmasters. The Political Use of Terrorism in

 

Italy (London: Constable, 1991).

21Italian daily La Stampa, June 22, 1996.

22Peter Dale Scott, Transnational Repression: Parafascism and the US. In: British periodical Lobster Magazine, Nr. 12, 1986, p. 16.

23Joao Paulo Guerra, 'Gladio' actuou em Portugal. In: Portuguese daily O Jornal, November 16, 1990.

24Koch and Schrom, Aginter, p. 8.

25Quoted in Christie, delle Chiaie, p. 28.

26Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi. 9th session, February 12,1997. URL; www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/terror/stenografici/steno9.htm.

27Koch and Schrom, Aginter, pp. 11-12.

28Portuguese daily Expresso, November 17, 1990.

29Portuguese daily Diario De Noticias, November 17, 1990.

30No author specified, Ministro nega conhecimento da rede Gladio. Franco Nogueira disse ao DN que nem Salazar saberia da organizacao. In: Portuguese daily Diario De Noticias, November 17, 1990.

31Ibid.

281

32 No author specified, Manfred Woerner explica Gladio. Investigadas ligacoes a extrema-direita. In: Portuguese daily Expresso, November 24, 1990.

33 Joao Paulo Guerra, 'Gladio' actuou em Portugal. In: Portuguese daily O Jornal, November 16, 1990.

10 THE SECRET WAR IN BELGIUM

1 Enquete parlementaire sur l'existence en Belgique d'un reseau de renseignements clandestin international, rapport fait au nom de la commission d'enquete par MM. Erdman et Hasquin. Document Senat, session de 1990-1991. Brussels, p. 24. Hereafter quoted as Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report. Upon the discovery of the secret stay-behind armies in Western Europe in late 1990, Belgian socialist parliamentarian Dirk van der Maelen had introduced a request in the Belgian parliament which suggested the creation of a parliamentary commission to investigate the secret network. The Senate adopted the law with 143 votes in favour, 1 vote against and 5 abstentions. With 19 Senators and presided by Senator Roger Lallemand, the Belgian Gladio investigation held 57 sessions and heard and recorded the testimony of 37 persons. These included three ministers, the chief of staff of the army, the chief of the police, the chief of the secret service SGR, several former chiefs of the SGR, several instructors of the SGR, and specifically personnel of the SGR Gladio sections SDRA8 and STC/Mob. Also witnesses who wanted to remain anonymous were heard. 'Certain auditions lasted five or six hours. They took place under conditions of total calmness.' On October 1, 1991, the Belgian Gladio Senate Commission presented its 250-pages strong final report and concluded its work. Together with the Report on Gladio of the Italian Senate and the report on P26 of the Swiss parliament the Belgium report represents a solid democratic performance and ranges among the best investigations into the stay-behind network.

2Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 33.

3Ibid., pp. 148 and 149.

4Ibid., p. 29.

5Ibid.

6Ibid., pp. 24 and 25.

7Mackenzie, W. J. M., History of the Special Operations Executive: Britain and the Resistance in Europe (London: British Cabinet Office, 1948), p. 976, Unpublished original of the Public Records Office London, publication with Frank Cass forthcoming.

8Mackenzie, Special Operations Executive, p. 981.

9Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Ringmasters. First of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 10, 1992.

10Ibid.

11For more details on Lahaut's assassination, see the research by Etienne Verhoyen and

Rudi Van Doorslaer, L'assassinat de Julien Lahaut. Une histoire de l'anticommunisme en Belgique (Anvers: EPO Press, 1987).

12The letter is given in full in the Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, pp. 212-213.

13Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 213. Also quoted in British daily The Observer, June 7, 1992.

14Ibid., p. 18.

15Frans Kluiters, De Nederlandse inlichtingen en veiligheidsdiensten (1993), p. 311.

16Jan de Willems, Gladio (Brussels: Editions EPO, 1991), p. 147.

17Kluiters, Nederlandse, p. 311. Willems, Gladio, p. 147.

18Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, op. cit., p. 18.

19Quoted in Willems, Gladio, p. 147.

20Ibid., p. 148.

282

21 Ibid.,p. 149.

22Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 22.

23Ibid., pp. 20 and 21.

24Michel Van Ussel, Georges 923. Un agent du Gladio belge parle. Temoignage (Brussels: Editions la Longue Vue, 1992), p. 150.

25British periodical Statewatch, January 1992.

26 Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 22.

27

British periodical Statewatch, July/August 1992.

28

Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, pp. 6, 29, 30. And Van Ussel, Georges 923,

 

pp. 19-27.

29Ibid., p. 38.

30Ibid., p. 58.

31Ibid., p. 55.

32Ibid.

33Quoted in Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 25.

34Ibid.

35Ibid., p. 137.

36Ibid., p. 62.

37Van Ussel, Georges 923, p. 141.

38Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 57.

39Van Ussel, Georges 923, p. 81.

40Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 61.

41Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Ringmasters. First of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 10, 1992.

42Van Ussel, Georges 923, p. 79.

43Ibid., p. 59.

44Ibid., p. 86.

45Ibid., pp. 51 and 107.

46Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 28.

47Ibid., p. 33.

48Ibid., p. 37.

49Ibid., p. 45.

50Ibid., p. 59.

51Ibid., p. 47.

52Ibid., p. 45.

53Ibid., p. 66.

54Ibid., p. 44.

55Ibid., p. 47.

56Van Ussel, Georges 923, p. 43.

57Ibid., p. 57.

58Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 78.

59Hugh O'Shaughnessy, Gladio. Europe's best kept secret. They were the agents who were to 'stay behind' if the Red Army overran Western Europe. But the network that was set up with the best intentions degenerated in some countries into a front for terrorism and far-right political agitation. In: British daily The Observer, June 7, 1992.

60Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, pp. 47-48.

61Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Foot Soldiers. Third of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 24, 1992.

62Ibid.

63Ibid.

64Ibid.

65Ibid.

283

66 Hugh O'Shaughnessy, Gladio, Europe's best kept secret. They were the agents who were to 'stay-behind' if the Red Army overran Western Europe. But the network that was set up with the best intentions degenerated in some countries into a front for terrorism and far-right political agitation. In: British daily The Observer, June 7, 1992.

67 Manuel Abramowicz, Le dictionnaire des 'annes de plomb' belges. Online: www.users. skynet.be/avancees/idees.html. For more details on CCC, see also Jos Vander Velpen, Les CCC - L'Etat et le terrorisme (Anvers: EPO Dossier, 1988).

68 Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Foot Soldiers. Third of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 24, 1992.

69Quoted in Willems, Gladio, p. 13.

70Chronology of the crimes attributed to the Killers of Brabant:

Date

Place

Victims

Target

 

 

 

 

 

 

14.8.1982

Maubeuge, Brabant

1 wounded

attack on food shop

30.9.1982

Wavre, Brabant

1 killed, 3 wounded

attack on arms shop

30.9.1982

Hoeilaart, Brabant

2 wounded

firing on BSR members

23.12.1982

Bruxelles, Brabant

1 killed

attack on hotel Chevaliers

9.1.1983

Mons, Brabant

1 killed

assassination

of a taxi

 

 

 

driver

 

 

25.2.1983

Uccle, Brabant

1 wounded

attack

on

Delhaize

 

 

 

supermarket

 

3.3.1983

Hal, Brabant

1 killed, 1 wounded

attack on Colruyt food shop

10.9.1983

Temse, Brabant

1 killed, 1 wounded

attack on textile shop

17.9.1983

Nijvel, Brabant

3 killed, 1 wounded

attack on Colruyt food shop

17.9.1983

Braine-l'Alleud, Braban

1 wounded

firefight with police

2.10.1983

Ohain, Brabant

1 killed

attack on restaurant

7.10.1983

Beersel, Brabant

1 killed, 3 wounded

attack

on

Delhaize

 

 

 

supermarket

 

1.12.1983

Anderlues, Brabant

2 killed

attack on jeweller's store

27.9.1985

Braine-l'Alleud, Brabant

3 killed, 1 wounded

attack

on

Delhaize

 

 

 

supermarket

 

27.9.1985

Overijse, Brabant

5 killed, 1 wounded

attack

on

Delhaize

 

 

 

supermarket

 

9.11.1985

Aalst, Brabant

8 killed, 9 wounded

attack

on

Delhaize

 

 

 

supermarket

 

Quoted after Chambre des Representants de Belgique: Enquete parlementaire sur les adaptions necessaires en matiiere d'organisation et de fonctionnement de Vappareil policier et judiciaire, en fonction des difficulties surgies lors de l'enquete sur 'les tuerurs du Brabant'. Rapport fait au now de la comission d'enquete par MM. Renaat Landuyt et Jean-Jacques Viseur. Brussels, October 14, 1997, pp. 21-22.

71 Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Foot Soldiers. Third of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 24, 1992.

72 Marcus Warren, The Slaughter that still Haunts Belgium. In: British weekly Sunday Telegraph, November 26, 1995.

73Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 100.

74Ibid., p. 153.

75Ibid., p. 141.

76Ibid., p. 53.

284

77 Ibid., p. 54. Compare also Boris Johnson. Secret war over identities of Gladio agents. In: British daily The Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1991.

78Belgian Senate 1991 Gladio Report, p. 54

79Ibid., p. 51.

80British periodical Statewatch, May/June 1996.

81Chambre des Representants de Belgique: Enquete parlementaire sur les adaptions necessaires en matiiere d'organisation et de fonctionnement de l'appareil policier et judiciaire, en fonction des difficulties surgies lors de l'enquete sur 'les tuerurs du Brabant'. Rapport fait an now de la comission d'enquite par MM. Renaat Landuyt et Jean-Jacques Viseur. Brussels, October 14, 1997.

82John Palmer, Trial Fuels Claims of Right-Wing Belgian Terrorist Conspiracy. In: British daily The Guardian, January 28, 1988.

83Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Foot Soldiers. Third of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 24, 1992.

84Ibid.

85Ibid.

86Ibid.

87Phil Davison, A Very Right-Wing Coup Plot Surfaces in Belgium. In: British weekly The Independent on Sunday, January 24, 1990.

88Ed. Vulliamy, Secret agents, freemasons, fascists... and a top-level campaign of

political 'destabilisation': 'Strategy of tension'that brought carnage and cover-up. In: British daily The Guardian, December 5, 1990.

89 Willems, Gladio, p. 151.

90Reuters international news service, October 1, 1990 and January 25, 1988.

91Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Foot Soldiers. Third of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 24, 1992.

92Ibid.

93Phil Davison, A Very Right-Wing Coup Plot Surfaces in Belgium. In: British weekly The Independent on Sunday, January 24, 1990.

94Manuel Abramowicz, he dictionnaire des 'annes de plomb' beiges. Online: www.users.skynet.be/avancees/idees.html.

95Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Foot Soldiers. Third of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 24, 1992.

96Manuel Abramowicz, Le dictionnaire des 'annes de plomb' beiges. Online: www.users.skynet.be/avancees/idees.html.

97Allan Francovich: Gladio: The Foot Soldiers. Third of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 24, 1992.

98Ibid.

99Ibid.

100Ibid.

101Ibid.

102Ibid.

103Ibid.

104Hugh O'Shaughnessy, Gladio. Europe's best kept secret. They were the agents who were to 'stay behind' if the Red Army overran Western Europe. But the network that was set up with the best intentions degenerated in some countries into a front for terrorism and far-right political agitation. In: British daily The Observer, June 7, 1992.

105Allan Francovich, Gladio: The Foot Soldiers. Third of the total three Francovich Gladio documentaries, broadcasted on BBC2 on June 24, 1992.

106Ibid.

107Manuel Abramowicz, Le dictionnaire des 'annes de plomb' beiges. Online:

www.users.skynet.be/avancees/idees.html.

285

11 THE SECRET WAR IN THE NETHERLANDS

1 Paul Koedijk, De Geheimste Dienst. Gladio in Nederland. De geschiedenis van een halve eeuw komplot tegen de vijand. In: Vrij Nederland, January 25, 1992, p. 9. Information on the Dutch stay-behind as of now stems almost exclusively from

two articles of Paul Koedijk of the Amsterdam-based Netherlands Institute for War Documentation. With the help of interviews with former Dutch stay-behind members and archive work Koedijk has succeeded in bringing some light into the history of the Dutch secret army I&O, while arguably more research is needed above all on the secretive O branch of the network.

2Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 9.

3Frans Kluiters, De Nederlandse inlichtingen en veiligheidsdiensten (Gravenhage: Sdu, 1993), p. 304.

4Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 9.

5Officially the BVD was created by royal decree in August 1949. During the four immediate post-war years there was some reshuffling of the Dutch domestic secret service structures, with first the creation of the BNV (Bureau Nationale Veiligheid) in 1945 which basically had the task to unmask German agents left behind in the Netherlands after Allied victory. Then the BNV was restructured in spring 1946, working for a brief period under the label CVD (Central Veiligheidsdienst) until finally in August 1949 the BVD succeeded both BNV and CVD and became the domestic Dutch secret service.

6During most of its history the IDB worked in the dark, and only rarely draws upon itself public, parliamentarian, academic or media attention. This situation changed abruptly in the 1960s after a botched espionage affair which led to the arrest and imprisonment in the Soviet Union of the Dutch 'tourists' Evert Reydon and Louw de Jager. Several years later a number of scandals including domestic operations led to such strong criticism of the IDB that Prime Minister Lubbers eventually closed the service down. For more details on the IDB, see Cees Wiebes and Bob de Graaf, Villa Maarheeze. The Netherlands Foreign Intelligence Service (The Hague: Dutch Government Printing Office, 1992). Wiebes and Graaf have faced many difficulties when researching for their book. Former and active intelligence officials were explicitly warned not to speak with the authors. The authors had to go to court several times, using the Dutch Freedom of Information Act to overcome the resistance of the Dutch Cabinet, to gain documents and to get the book itself released. More than 150 of the record interviews with intelligence officials were made, and what resulted is arguably the best history available on the IDB. Wiebes and Graaf also came across documents on the early roots of the Dutch Gladio and published in Dutch on the topic. Compare Bob de Graaff and Cees Wiebes, Gladio der vrije jongens: een particuliere geheime dienst in Koude Oorlogstijd (Gravenhage: Sdu, 1992).

7Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 10.

8

Paul Koedijk, Dossier Gladio. Nederland was voorbereid op een nieuwe oorlog.

 

In: Vrij Nederland, July 11, 1992, p. 34.

9

Kluiters, Nederlandse, p. 306.

10Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 13.

11Kluiters, Nederlandse, p. 310.

12Koedijk, Dossier Gladio, p. 36.

13Ibid.

14Ibid.

15Ibid.

16Kluiters, Nederlandse, p. 314.

17Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 10.

18Ibid., p. 11.

19Koedijk, Dossier Gladio, p. 34.

286

20 Kluiters, Nederlansde, p. 306.

21Ibid.

22Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 12.

23Kluiters, Nederlansde, p. 308.

24Kocdijk, Dossier Gladio, p. 35.

25Ibid.

26Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 11.

27Ibid., p. 12.

28Kluiters, Nederlandse, p. 311.

29Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 12.

30Kluiters, Nederlandse, p. 311.

31Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 12.

32Ibid., p. 11

33Ibid.

34Ibid., p. 12

35Ibid., p. 13

36Kluiters, Nederlandse, p. 308.

37Koedijk, Dossier Gladio, p. 34.

38Ibid., p. 35.

39Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 12.

40Ibid.

41Ibid.

42Ibid.

43Koedijk, Dossier Gladio, p. 37.

44Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 13.

45Both quotes Koedijk, Dossier Gladio, p. 36.

46Ibid.

47Koedijk, Geheimste Dienst, p. 8.

48International news service Associated Press, November 14, 1990. The entire text of Lubber's letter was reprinted in the Dutch daily NRC Handelsblatt, November 14 1990:

'Brief premier Lubbers "geheime organisatie"'. It si also contained as Kamerstuk Nr. 21895 among the official papers of the Dutch parliament.

49International news agency Associated Press, November 14, 1990.

50Ibid.

51Ibid., November 21, 1990.

52British daily The Guardian, December 5, 1990.

53British political magazine Statewatch September/October 1993 quoting Dutch daily Dagblad of September 7, 1993.

54 International news service Reuters, December 14, 1993, quoting Dutch daily NCR Handelsblad.

12 THE SECRET WAR IN LUXEMBURG

1 All data from the declarations of Luxemburg Prime Minister Jacques Santer to parliament on November 14, 1990. Quoted in full in the Luxemburg daily Luxemburger Wort, November 15, 1990.

13THE SECRET WAR IN DENMARK

1Iver Hoj, Ogsa Danmark havde hemmelig haer efter anden verdenskrig. Danish daily Berlingske Tidende, November 25, 1990. Journalist Iver Hoj offered with this article

287

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]