The writing module

IV. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words:

command-driven/ text terminal/ network connectivity/ various menus.

A …..interface is one in which you type in commands to make the computer do something. A graphical user interface (GUI) is one in which you select command choices from….., buttons and icons using a mouse. The three platforms differ in other areas such as device installation, ….or compatibility with application programs. However, TUIs only use text and symbols available on a typical…..

Exercise 2. Fill in the table with words and expressions from the text:

	What?
Macintosh computers- with a user interface based on graphics and intuitive tools-were designed with		to facilitate interaction with the computer.
TUI only use text and symbols available on		while GUIs typically use high resolution graphics modes.
You have to know the		and they have to be typed correctly.

Exercise 3. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“What is Word processing”

“What kind of interfaces do you know and how do they differ?”

Lesson 8 device drivers and interrupts the reading module

I.Read the text:

A device driver is a specific type of computer software developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. Typically this constitutes an interface for communicating with the device, through the specific computer bus or communications subsystem that the hardware is connected to, providing commands to /or receiving data from the device, and on the other end, the requisite interfaces to the operating system and software applications. It is a specialized hardware-dependent computer program which is also operating system specific that enables another program, typically an operating system or applications software package or computer program running under the operating system kernel, to interact transparently with a hardware device, and usually provides the requisite interrupt handling necessary for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interfacing needs.

The key design goal of device drivers is abstraction. Every model of hardware (even within the same class of device) is different. Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently. Computers and their operating systems cannot be expected to know how to control every device, both now and in the future. To solve this problem, OSes essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled. The function of the device driver is then to translate these OS mandated function calls into device specific calls. In theory a new device, which is controlled in a new manner, should function correctly if a suitable driver is available. This new driver will ensure that the device appears to operate as usual from the operating systems' point of view for any person.

Interrupts

Interrupts are central to operating systems as they allow the operating system to deal with the unexpected activities of running programs and the world outside the computer. Interrupt-based programming is one of the most basic forms of time-sharing, being directly supported by most CPUs. Interrupts provide a computer with a way of automatically running specific code in response to events. Even very basic computers support hardware interrupts, and allow the programmer to specify code which may be run when that event takes place.

When an interrupt is received, the computer's hardware automatically suspends whatever program is currently running by pushing the current state on a stack, and its registers and program counter are also saved. This is analogous to placing a bookmark in a book when someone is interrupted by a phone call. This task requires no operating system as such, but only that the interrupt be configured at an earlier time.

In modern operating systems, interrupts are handled by the operating system's kernel. Interrupts may come from either the computer's hardware, or from the running program. When a hardware device triggers an interrupt, the operating system's kernel decides how to deal with this event, generally by running some processing code, or ignoring it. The processing of hardware interrupts is a task that is usually delegated to software called device drivers, which may be either part of the operating system's kernel, part of another program, or both. Device drivers may then relay information to a running program by various means.

A program may also trigger an interrupt to the operating system, which are very similar in function. If a program wishes to access hardware for example, it may interrupt the operating system's kernel, which causes control to be passed back to the kernel. The kernel may then process the request which may contain instructions to be passed onto hardware, or to a device driver. When a program wishes to allocate more memory, launch or communicate with another program, or signal that it no longer needs the CPU, it does so through interrupts.

II.Reading exercises:

Exercise1. Read and memorize:

device driver, computer bus, communications subsystem, hardware-dependent, specific code, system kernel, interrupt, trigger, running program, asynchronous

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1.What is a structure of a device driver?

2.What is a function of a device driver in interaction of OS and new devices?

3. What is an interrupt?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. A device driver is a specific type of computer software developed to	a. handled by the operating system's kernel.
2. Interrupts allow the operating system to deal with the unexpected	b. computer software developed to allow interaction with hardware devices.
3. In modern operating systems, interrupts are	c. allow interaction with hardware devices.
4. A device driver is a specific type of	d. activities of running programs and the world outside the computer.

Exercise 4. Open brackets using the right words:

1. When a hardware device triggers an interrupt, (the operating system's kernel/the central processing unit/the main memory) decides how to deal with this event, generally by running some processing code, or ignoring it.

2. The kernel then processes the request which may contain (instructions/warning/prohibition) to be passed onto hardware, or to a device driver.

3. A device driver is a specific type of computer software developed (to allow/stop/prevent) interaction with hardware devices.