Пособия по курсу история России / ИСТОРИЯ РОССИИ с 1810 по 1917 год - Д.И. Олейников (2005)
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ǏǨǞǥǒǒ |
ǛǎǝǍǔǛǏǍǚǕǒ |
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Ǒ.Ǖ. |
ǛǸDzǶǺǵǷǻǯ |
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ɂɋɌɈɊɂə
ɊɈɋɋɂɂ
Ǿ 1801 Ǽǻ 1917 ǰǻDZ |
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ǗǠǝǞ |
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Ⱦɨɩɭɳɟɧɨ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɩɨ . «Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹhttp://wwwɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ» ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ
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[ʦ̛̖̯̖̏̔ ̡̯̖̭̯] |
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DɊɈɎ Ⱥ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005
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.com .SmartPDFCreator http://wwwɍȾɄ 94(47)"18/19"
ȻȻɄ 63.3(2)52ɹ73 0-53
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Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ: |
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ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ |
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Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ |
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(ɡɚɜ. ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɞ-ɪ ɢɫɬ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮ. Ǎ. ǜ. |
ǘǻǰȀǺǻǯ); |
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ɞ-ɪ ɢɫɬ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɋ. Ǟ. |
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(Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ) |
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Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɂ |
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Ɉ-5Ɂ |
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ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫ 1801 ɩɨ 1917 ɝɨɞ. Ʉɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ : ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ / |
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Ⱦ. ɂ. Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤɨɜ. ² Ɇ. : Ⱦɪɨɮɚ, 2005. ² 414, [2] ɫ. : ɢɥ., ɤɚɪɬ. |
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ISBN 5-7107-5233-9 |
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ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ |
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ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ |
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. |
ȼ ɧɟɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɵ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ |
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ |
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XIɏ ² ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XX ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɮɚɤɬɵ |
ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. |
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Ɉɫɨɛɟɧ -ɧɨɫɬɶ |
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɜ |
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɶ ² ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ |
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ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ |
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ, |
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ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ |
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ɜ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚ. ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɚɧɧɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚ- |
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ɮɢɸ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ- |
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ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ |
ɬɟɦ |
ɤɭɪɫɚ. |
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ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟ- |
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ɫɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ |
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ. |
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ɍȾɄ 94(47)"18/19"
ȻȻɄ 63.3(2)52ɹ73
.com .SmartPDFCreator http://wwwISBN 5-7107-5233-9
.com .SmartPDFCreator http://www© ɈɈɈ «Ⱦɪɨɮɚ», 2005
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ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ ² |
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɧɟɤɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ «ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ», ɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɞɟɛ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɫɹcom ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɥɟɤ-
ɰɢɣ. ȿɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ.ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨSmartPDFCreatorɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ «ɩɪɢɫɥɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢɞɭɳɟɟ ɧɚɦ ɧɚ-
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ»1. ȼ ɥɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɟɧɟɜɬɢɤɢ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɫɹ ɨɬɨɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɚ ɜɟɤɨɜ
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ɬɨɪɢɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ. Ƚɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɤɨɧɤ- ɪɟɬɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɢɜɭɸ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɭ, ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɞɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ ɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ.
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ «ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɬɶhttp://www» ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɢɫ-
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧ:
²ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶ ɫ ɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚɦ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚ- ɥɚɦ;
²ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚcom ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɜ ɤɚɠcom- ɞɭɸ ɥɟɤɰɢɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ .ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ. ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ);
²ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɜ ɤɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɥɢɰɚɯ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ XIX ɜ.);
²ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ |
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ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚ- |
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ɞɚɧɢɢ.SmartPDFCreatorɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɨ «ɜɫɟɦɨɝɭɳɟɦ.SmartPDFCreator» III Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ, |
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ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɢ XIX ɜ. ɡɧɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɷɩɨɯɚ ² ɷɬɨ ɷɩɨɯɚ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɮɟɨɞɚɥɢɡɦɚ |
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ɬɚɬɵ.ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢSmartPDFCreatorɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ.SmartPDFCreatorɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬ- |
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ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ, ɨ «ɬɪɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ» ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). |
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Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ XIX ² ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XX |
ɜ. ² |
ɷɩɨɯɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ² ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, «ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ» («ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɭɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɟɫɬɶ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟ: ɞɭɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ»2). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
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ɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ |
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ |
ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɧɚɞɟɹɥɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ XIX ² ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XX ɜ.
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
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ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ |
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ɪɨɦɚɧɢɫɬ ɏɚɪɬɥɢ Ʌɟɫɥɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ: |
«ɉɪɨɲɥɨɟ ² ɱɭɠɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɬɚɦ ɜɫɟ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ...» Ⱦɥɹ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ. ɗɬɚ ɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɭɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ, ɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIX ɜ. ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟcom ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ . ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɬɨ-
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɭ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬSmartPDFCreator, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɡɚ- . ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɪɨɩɥɢɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɟɱɧɨ-ɨɝɧɟɜɵɦ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɢɟɦ ɢ ɛɪɨɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɲɬɭɪɦ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ «ɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦɫɹ» ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɦɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ² ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ)
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ
ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ.
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɧɨɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ |
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ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ. |
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ǝǛǞǞǕǬ Ǻǭ ǽȀǮDzdzDz XVIII²XIX ȼȼ . : |
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIX ɜ. ɧɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɟɯ |
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ǞǿǭǿǵȄDzǾǷǭȌ ǗǭǽǿǵǺǭ |
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ɬɟɯ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɣɧɨ-ɥɭɛɨɱɧɵɯ |
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ |
«ɫɚɦɨɜɚɪ²ɦɚɬɪɟɲɤɚ²ɛɚɥɚɥɚɣɤɚ», ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ |
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɸ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɸ |
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ɪɚɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɤɭ «.ɫɬɚɪɨɣcom |
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ» ɜɜɟɥ ɜ ɨɛɢɯɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ XIX ɜɟɤ. ȼ.comɟɝɨ |
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɚɦɨɜɚɪ ɢ ɰɵɝɚɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ-ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɦɨɞɭ, ɛɚɥɚɥɚɣɤɚ ɜ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ, ɨɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɚɪɦɨɲɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɟɲɤɚ, ² ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ XIX ɜ.
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɭ, ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɭɸ ɤ ɧɟɛɭ, ɤ Ȼɨɝɭ. ɇɚ ɟɟ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ² ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, «ɩɨɦɚɡɚɧɧɢɤ Ȼɨɠɢɣ», ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɋɭɞɶɹ, ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ, ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɭɸɳɢɣ, ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ
.SmartPDFCreator |
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Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ. ȼɥɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɭ, ɩɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ |
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ɥɢɧɢɢSmartPDFCreator, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɉɚɜɥɨɦ I «ɍɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɦSmartPDFCreatorɨɛ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ» 1797 ɝ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɟɧɚɬ, ɬ. ɟ. ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɭɞ, ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɩɪɨɤɭɪɨɪɨɦ, ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɋɜɹɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɫɢɧɨɞ, ɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ
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http://wwwɛɢɪɢ) ɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɯ ɧɚɞ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸhttp://wwwɫɬɨɢɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪ. |
ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɜ 51 ɝɭɛɟɪɧɢɢ, ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɵ; ɢɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ, ɢɯ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, «ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ». ȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɋɢ-
Ƚɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ² ɫɜɨɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɢɸ. Ƚɭɛɟɪɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɟɡɞɵ ² ɫɚɦɭɸ ɦɟɥɤɭɸ ɚɞ- ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɨɣ II: ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɟɡɞɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ 30²40 ɬɵɫ. ɪɟɜɢɡɫɤɢɯ ɞɭɲ (ɬ. ɟ. 60²80 ɬɵɫ. ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ). ɏɨɬɹ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɹɹ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚcom «ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ²ɪɚɣɨɧ» ɹɜ- . ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɟɣ ɟɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɢɧɫɤɨɣSmartPDFCreator, ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɟɡɞɟ ² ɝɥɚɜɚ ɭɟɡɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɢ, ɭɟɡɞɧɵɣ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢɤ. Ɉɧ ɠɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ 4²5 ɡɚɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɞɜɨɪɹɧ.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ Ⱥɥɹɫɤɢ ɢ ɤɭɫɨɱɟɤ Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ, ɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɤɚɫɚ-
ɸɬɫɹ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɝɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ, ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɜ Ɂɚɛɚɣɤɚɥɶɟ: ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɫ Ʉɢɬɚɟɦ http://wwwɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɇɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ, ɍɪɚɥ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ
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ɪɟɤɢ. Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɢ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ, ɧɢ Ɂɚɤɚɜɤɚɡɶɹ: ɸɠɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɩɨ Ɍɟɪɟɤɭ ɢ Ʉɭɛɚɧɢ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɵɱɤɚɯ ɫ ɝɨɪɰɚɦɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ «ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ» ² ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ, ɤɭɛɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɡɚɤɢ. ɇɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ, ɱɚɫɬɶ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢɢ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ (ɛɟɡ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ); Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʌɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɦ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɥɶɞɚɯ ɢ ɫɧɟɝɚɯ.
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɱɢɧɵ |
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ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ I, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɭɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ: ɫ 265 126 ɤɜ. ɦɢɥɶ ɞɨ 389 3113. |
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ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ (XVI²XIX) Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɜ |
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ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɨɫɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 140 ɤɜ. ɤɦ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 000 ɤɜ. ɤɦ |
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ɜ ɝɨɞ4. Ɋɨɥɶ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ |
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ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ. |
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«ɇɟɨɛɴɹɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɢ ɬɟɫɧɹɬ |
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ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ |
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ² ɧɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, |
ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ |
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ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɗɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɬɧɵɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ |
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ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɲɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɣ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɱɟɥɨ-
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ɜɟɤ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨɳɧɵɦ |
ɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ |
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ. Ɉɧ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɵɤ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ... ɂ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɭɲɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɧ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɟɦɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ... Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ ɫɚɦɨɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ² ɨɧ |
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ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. ɂ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ, ɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɣ |
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ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ... ɋ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ, ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ-ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ |
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ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ |
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ |
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ɇɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ. ɗɬɨ ² ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɲɢ» (ǚ. ǎDzǽDZȌDzǯ)3.
Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥ ɜɟɞɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ² ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ. ȼɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ: Ⱥɪɫɟɧɢɹ Ɇɚɰɢɟɜɢɱɚ, ɨɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ, ɡɢɦɨɣ
1767/68 ɝ. ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɭcom ɢ Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ ɜ Ɋɟɜɟɥɶ, . ɩɪɨɟɯɚɜ ɛɟɡɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨ 2000 SmartPDFCreatorɜɟɪɫɬ ɡɚ 12 ɞɧɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɫɤɚ ɭɡɧɢɤ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɦɟɪɬɜ.
ȼɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɪɟɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɣɧɵɣ ɑɚɰɤɢɣ ɢɡ «Ƚɨɪɹ ɨɬ ɭɦɚ»: ɂ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɧɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɸɫɶ, ɛɟɡ ɞɭɲɢ,
ə ɫɨɪɨɤ ɩɹɬɶ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɝɥɚɡ ɦɢɝɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɳɭɪɹ,
ȼɟɪɫɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɟɦɢɫɨɬ ɩɪɨɧɟɫɫɹ, ɜɟɬɟɪ, ɛɭɪɹ.
ɂ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɥɫɹhttp://wwwɜɟɫɶ, ɢ ɩɚɞɚɥ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ...
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Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɨɦ ɢ Ɇɨɫɤɜɨɣ. «ȼɟɬɟɪ, ɛɭɪɹ»- ɷɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ 17 ɜɟɪɫɬ ɜ ɱɚɫ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɹɦɳɢɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ 1824 ɝ. ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ 8, ɥɟɬɨɦ 10, ɡɢɦɨɣ 12 ɜɟɪɫɬ ɜ ɱɚɫ. Ɂɢɦɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ² ɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɫɧɟɝɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɢɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɨɜ, ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ «ɡɢɦɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ». |
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XVIII² ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ. ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ Ɋɚɞɢɳɟɜ ɤɭɩɢɬ ɛɢɥɟɬ ɧɚ
«Ʉɪɚɫɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɟɥɭ», ɫɹɞɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɟɡɞ ɧɨɱɶɸ ɜ 23.55, ɭɫɧɟɬ ɜ ɤɭɩɟ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜɵɣɞɟɬ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ, ɧɚ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɟ ɜ ɛɨɞɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɭɯɚ. Ɍɶɦɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɥɶɤɧɭɜɲɚɹ ɡɚ ɨɤɧɨɦ, ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ «ɑɭɞɢɳɟ ɨɛɥɨ, ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨ, ɫɬɨɡɟɜɧɨ ɢ ɥɚɣɹɣ», ɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ .ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɴɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɟɬɵɟ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ ɤɨɬɥɟɬɵ «ɭ ɉɨɠɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ. ɜ Ɍɨɪɠɤɟ».
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɦSmartPDFCreatorɩɪɟɥɟɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɡ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɚ ɜ ɆɨɫɤɜɭSmartPDFCreatorɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
http://wwwɍ ɧɟɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɢhttp://wwwɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ² ɷɬɨ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɨ-
ɥɟɨɧ ɜɬɨɪɝɫɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ 12 ɢɸɧɹ 1812 ɝ., ɚ ɜ Ɍɜɟɪɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɡɧɚɥɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 10 ɢɸɥɹ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɫɹɰ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ Ɇɢɧɫɤ ɢ Ɇɨɝɢɥɟɜ, ɚ ɚɪɦɢɢ Ȼɚɪɤɥɚɹ ɞɟ Ɍɨɥɥɢ ɢ Ȼɚɝɪɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɭɱɟɧɵ. ɉɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ȼ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ 1812 ɝ. ɷɫɬɚɮɟɬɵ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ² ɉɚɪɢɠ
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ 15,5 ɞɧɹ6.
ɜɨɣɧɵ 1812 ɝ., ² ɨɤɨɥɨ 44 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ), ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 8 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ, ɢɛɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɂ. Ⱥ. Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɨɜ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ: «...ɞɚɠɟ ɩɬɢɰɚ, ɢ ɬɚ ɦɢɦɨɥɟɬɨɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ». ɋɚɦɵɟ ɝɥɭɯɢɟ
ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 40 ɦɥɧcomɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɩɨ 5-ɣ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɢ . 1796ɝ. ² ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 37 ɦɥɧ, ɚSmartPDFCreatorɩɨ 6-ɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɚɧɭɧ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ .
ɦɟɫɬɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ² ɷɬɨ ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɢ Ⱦɨɧ, ɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɫɬɭ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ȼ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɵɲɟ ² 40²49 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪ; ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɫ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ 19² 20 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ² ɷɬɨ ɞɢɤɢɟ, ɝɥɭɯɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ.
ɜɟɪɫɬ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɚhttp://wwwɫ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ: ɜ 1789 ɝ. ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɨ 26 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ² 11 ɦɥɧ, ɬɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɧɟɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɨ
ɋ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ 130-ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ² ɨɬ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɞɨ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ² ɪɨɫɥɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ (ɨɧɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ 5,3 ɪɚɡɚ ² ɫ 14 ɞɨ 74 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ). ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ |
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ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ. Ƚɨɪɨɠɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ. ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 7 ɢɡ |
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ɤɚɠɞɵɯ 100 ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ: 2,8 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɠɢɜɟɬ |
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336 ɬɵɫ., ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ² 275, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ (ɜ 500 ɢɡ 630)² |
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ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 5 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. |
Ƚɨɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 20 |
ɬɵɫ. ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ² |
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ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ, |
ɚ ɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɨɤ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ² ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ |
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ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ 19 ɧɚ ɜɫɸ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ. |
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Ʉɚɤɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ «ɝɨɪɨɞ N» ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ |
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ɜ.? ȿɝɨ 5 ɬɵɫ. ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 600 ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɩɨ 8²9 ɱɟɥɨ- |
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ɜɟɤ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɣ ɞɨɦ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ² ɞɟɪɟ- |
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ɜɹɧɧɵɟ. ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ 5²6 ɰɟɪɤɜɟɣ, |
1²2 ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢ 2 ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟ- |
ɞɟɧɢɹ, 3 ɬɪɚɤɬɢɪɚ, ɨɞɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɧɹ, 14²15 ɩɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥ |
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ɫɨɬɧɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɱɢɤɨɜ. |
ɍɥɢɰɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɳɟɧɵ |
(ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɝɨɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɥɭɠɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ «ɞɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶ- |
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ɧɨɫɬɶ» ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ). ɍɥɢɰɵ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɵ, ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɛɨɪɤɨɣ ɧɢɤɬɨ |
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ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɟɬ ɧɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɧɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɟɚɬɪ, ɦɭɡɟɣ, ɨɛ- |
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ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ² ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɟɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɫɤɢɯ |
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http://wwwɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ. Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭhttp://wwwɨɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥ ɬɟɯ, «ɤɨɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ- |
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ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ7. |
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Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɬɰɨɜ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ, Ʉ. ɂ. Ⱥɪɫɟɧɶɟɜ, ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ. ɞɟɥɢɥ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ²
ɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬ- ɜɚ», ɬ. ɟ. ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ, ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɭɩɰɨɜ. Ʉɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ² ɜɫɟɯ ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ «ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ», ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɨ, ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɟ, ɚɪɦɢɸ, ɮɥɨɬ, ɩɪɢɫɥɭɝɭ.
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ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 9:1, |
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ»8. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨSmartPDFCreatorXIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ!). Ʉ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɬɧɵɦ.ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ,
șȖșȓȖȊȐȧ ² ɩɨɞɚɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɬɧɵɟ. |
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ɉɨɞɚɬɧɵɟ |
ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɥɚɬɹɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɡɧɭ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ |
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ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɚɦɚɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɚɹ ² ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɨɜ). ɇɟɩɨɞɚɬɧɵɟ |
ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ |
ɩɨɞɚɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɹɬ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜɞɭɦɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚ
ȼ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɨ, ɤɭɩɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɦɟɳɚɧɟ (ɬ. ɟ. ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧɟ), ɰɟɯɨɜɢɤɢ (ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɢ).
ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɹ ɚɪɦɢɹhttp://www(ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɥ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɡɚɤɢ, ɤɚɥɦɵɤɢ ɢ ɛɚɲɤɢɪɵ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ.
ǗǽDzǾǿȉȌǺǾǿǯǻ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ȿɝɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɨɤɨɥɨ 13 ɦɥɧ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɤɚɡɟɧɧɵɯ) ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɦɥɧ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɯ (ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦɥɧ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɵɯ), ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ «ɭɞɟɥɚɦ» ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ |
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ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ. ȼɫɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ |
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ɦɟɫɬɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ |
ɨɛɳɢɧɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɥɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ |
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɹɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɩɥɚɬɹɬ ɜɫɟ ² ɩɨɞɭɲɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ (ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɭɲɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ), ɧɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɟɟ, ɩɥɚɬɹɬ ɚɪɟɧɞɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɭ (ɨɛɪɨɤ) ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɦ ɡɟɦɥɢ: ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɭ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɨɤ: ɧɚ ɧɟɦ «ɫɢɞɢɬ» ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɱɶɢɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɨɤɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ:
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