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OOCCIIC'lCHlleM coomOlleHl!l1 npallOBhlX HOpM II )\PYrHX oomecTBax ({hedman, David (197'1\ Private Creation and Enforcemcnt of Law: A Historical Casc II Journal o(Legal StudieS ~ (No.2): 399-415). Donec ;JenWhHO npHMep IlCJl3H)lCKOrO lfapOIlOll!IaCrWI paccMarpllBac 1C!l II J'JI. 9 HacTolllllci1 KIHlrH C'!lpaBa COQCTBeHHocTH R OOllIeCTBC. He HMC[OIlICM racyflapc lIeHlIoro

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North. Douglass C. (1981)_ Structure and Change in Economic History. New York:

W. W. Norton, Chapter 3: "A Neoclassical Theory of the Stat..:".

3

Hallpl1Mcp. TaKall TO'IKa 3peHl111 BhlCKU3aHa BpaooTe: Moore, John H ( 1981). Agenc) Costs, Technological Change ,md Soviet Central Planning II Journal o/Law and Economics 24 (October): 189-214. 3TH BonpOChI paCCMaTpl11laIOTCli B I'JI. 10 HaCTOII!lIeil" KlHlfH (''[ocy­ llapcTBO II IIeOIIllCTJ1TYUIIOHaJIhHOii )KOHOMH'leCKOH TeOplll1").

(merit goods).

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4 06CYlKUeHl1e (PYHKQHH npallHTeIlbCTBa, CB1l3allHbtX C pa3McmeHHCM H pacnpeil:eJ1CIIHe\1

Cpe}~CTIl. MOJKHO HaHTH, HanpHMep, II KH.: Musgrave. Richard A.; Musgrave, Peggy M. (1976).

Public Finance in Theory and Practice. New York: McGraw Hill. Chapter I "Fiscal Fum;­ tions: All Ovcrview". ABToPbl Bblil:CJlllIOT 'rpll (lll1CKaJlbHble <jlyUKQHH rocY.llapcTBa: HapJIllY C p,nMt!meHHcM 11 pacnpencJlellHeM 6101l.lKeTHblx pecypCOB fOcYilapcnlO emc IIt!CCT OTBCTCT­ IIt!HIlOCTh 33 )KOIlOMI1'lceKYIO CTaOHIILHOCTb.

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The Economics of Information II Journal of Political Economy 69 (Junc, No.3): 213-225.

(TeopHll (llllPMbl. CIl6., 1995. C. 507 -529.

[Jp!l.Me~. nep); Stigler George J: Friedland,

Claire (1962). What Can Regulators Regulate? The Case of Electricity II Journal

and Economics 5 (No.1): 1-16: Stigler. GeOl'ge1. (1971). Thc Economic Theory of Regula­ tion II Bell Journal ofEconomics and l.1anagement Science 2 (No.3): 3-21. ilo,'1xo,'1 CTlII­ lJepa IBMeHHJI XO)( MbICIICi1 3KOIIOMliCTOB 0 1'0CY.llapCTBCHHOM perYJIllpOBaHlllI. a TaKlKC liameJI WHPOKOC llpl1MCHeHilC B aUaJIH3e nOJIUTH'leCKHX npOUCCCOIl B neMOKpaTI1'leCKOM

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The Logic of Collcctive Action. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press (pye. lIelL

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'I Arrow. Kennelh.J. (1<)51). Social Choic,~ and Individual Values. New York. Hl1)I(IX!I<:­

flYIOll\1I1i <lllaJlln O(:IIOllall lIa pafimc:

Kenl1elh A.: lVeingasl, RanT (1983). Rational

Choicl.! Explanations of Social Facts il

Working papl.!r. Sl. LOllis: W(lsiJington University.

PallllOlleCJlJ.lc nCXO,lhl BO'l~IO)KII!'I, eCJ1II !lCI-'TO o6pcTacT MOIIO]](UbIlYIO \lilaCTb Ha.'l 110­ IlCCll(oii ;mH. 'I c. !lJIaCTh KOIlTPOJII!pOllaTI> nOC!IC)lOBaTC)lbllOCTb I'OJIOWlJaJlllli. \IOI'JIII Obi 1I011JIIll! l'b 11<1 IlCXO;lb! f'OJ10COBlItll1it tlOlIKylll!ll !!lillO, KOH'lllOJltlPYIOIlI(.'C [J()BCC1X) ;lWI FeJII! TpallCm,lIl'1(lIl1lblC II'11lepJKKII paBIIf.1 HYJIIO, OKOII'laTCc1hHblil IIcxo:t IlC 'lllllHCl!1 Of :lItua. KOropO\ly IIPl:!10C'IDIl,flcn KOlHPO;lh Ita)lIlOBCCTKOfi lIH)!, l.jTO IICJ1h'll! C YllcpellllOCThfO ymep­ ,KiUlTh Il CIlY'Ja~ 1l0JI0lKl1TeJlhHbIX TpaHeaKUHOHHhlX H3)lCPJKCI(. lIeplloii ny6JIIlKnnudL 1I0CHl!­

IllCllIIOii K0Il1110JIIO 11a)1 1I0BCCTKOi:j )U11I, OObll.jHD Cl.jIlTaCTClI Cl1lThl!: ROilier.

I km (//'(1 (11.)79). Bureaucrats Versus Voters: On the Political Econom)

b) Direct Democracy Ii QU(lrler~I'JolI,.n(/1 ojEconomics 93 (No.4, NovclIlbcr): 563-587.

11 1m Bh!B()){hIIlPC;:{CTUn:ICllbl B

Sheps/e, Kenneth A. (1983). Institutional Equi­

and EmtilibriulIl Institutions

paper. No. 82. SL Louis: Center lor the Stud)

 

$OPMaJlbllble :IOKU'lUTCJlbCTlIlI eM,. Hallp .

976). Intnrllsith ities in Multidivisional Voting Models and SOllie Implica­

Control II Journal

Economic IheolJ' 12 (No.3): 472--482: Cohen

Linda: }/allhelFs. Steven (1980). Constrained Plot Equilibria. Directional Euuilibria and Global Cycling Sets II Review of Fconoll1ic Studies 47 (No, 5. October):

3 06t>f/Clielille IIpaulI.l[

85

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1983) YKa3blBaCT Ha 600 C JIHWHHM cTpaHHu "Deschler's Proccdures of the U. S. House of Represcntatives" ("f1pOUCAYPbl naJIaTbl npC,[(CTaBI1­ Tenel1 CiliA"). HOBbie HHCTHTYUHOHaJIl1CTbI COrJlaWaIOTC5I C rCM, trro B CB060AHOH OT HHCTHTYTOB cpc,[(c npH HeOrpaHH'-ICHHOM '-IHCJ1e rOJIO­ COBaHHH C IlCJ1bfO Bbl60pa H3 aJ1bTepHaTHBHbIx BapHaIlTOB M())l(eT He 6blTb paBHOBeCHbIX HCXOnOB, HO OHH npH,[(ep)({HBaIOTC}I TOH TOtlKH 3peHI1H, LITO B peaJ1bHOM MI1pC CYLI~CCTBYfOT TaKHe BH,[(hl HHCTI1TYUHO­ HaJlhHOro YCTpoi1CTBa, npH KOTOPblX I1MeeT MeCTO TCIIACHUH}l K llOC­ TH)(eHHfO YCTOHIIHBblX HCXO'[(OB,

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Kenneth A.; Weingas[, Bam.: R. (198 I). Structure-induced Equilibrium and

Public Choice 37 (No.3): 503-519.

86 qacnll, J. Bae()ellue 6 meOp1ll0

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13 B CTIlThC 1981 r. II!cncIHI H Y:lHHraCT 061,HClilIIOT ll)1aCTb KOMltTt:rOIl npCU?>IYU(CCT­ llClIlIO B TCPMHlJaX I1X pOIlU "npHBpanmKoB", HJ1H HHcTaHUHii. (llOpMHp) IOU(HX nOIJl':I:TK) BXOAlIlUHM B cQlepbl HX 1<0MneTel!lUlH. B oJllloll H3 1l0C:ICj(IIHX CHOW' panOT and Weillgast, 1987) aBTOpb! flcpccMarpllsalOT eBmo 110'3IlUlllO, llcn<lJl IlKI(CIII lIa 11C'!X)'lHHl<aX ex posl BHaCTH KOMHTCT<lB: "KOMHTeTbl B 1<<l'ICCTBC HHCTlIllUl1i1, <jlOPMHPYIO­ mHX 1I0BCCl'KY JJ.1I11 no BonpocaM, llXOllllU\IlM B C<pCPbl HX I<OMm:TCHUI1H, MoryT HaBJl3blBaTh MHOfllC CHon 1I0)J(eJlaHHlI B 06J1aCTH nomlTIlKII He ,[OJlbKO flOTOMY, 'lTO 01111 HllfIUHl1pYIO'1 l31<0HonpOCKrM, HO II llOTOMY. 'lTO 11 noene '[oro. l<aK ax na.na ra Bblpa11l;1a CHOIO Homo, YlUIX aCTaCTC,1 emc OJJ.HH U(aHC Ao6HT6CJl Clloero. 3TOT wallc MO)J(HO pCam130BaTb Ha CTalll1H COBMeCTtlOro paCCMOTpeHIlJl Jal<OHonpOel<Ta 06eHMlI na.naTaMH 3aKOHOllaTCJlbHOrO Oprall<l C

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millec Power II American Political S'cience Review 81 (No. I, March): 85-104. P. 85).

87

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u Barry R. (1984). The Congressional-Bureaucratic System: A PrincipalAgent Perspective /1 Public Choice 44 (No. I): 147-192; Idem (1983). Bureaucratic Discretion Or Congressional Control') Regulating Policymaking by the Federal Trade Commission II

Journal orpOlilical Economy 91 (October, No.5): 766 ·800.

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1(' McCubbins. }!a/!lew D.: Schwarl::. 7IlOIIWS (! 984), Congressional OY~rsight OYer­ looked: Police Patrols Versus Fire Alarms 1/ ,jlllerican Journa/ o/Po/iliml SCience:: INO.

February): 165 179.

17 Tullock, Gordon (1971). Thc Paradox of Revolution Ii Public Choice I} (Fall): 89-99

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1J;~co;Jorml

HlIlKC omlpaeTciI nil i'lL 5 Cldeolog)

and the Free Rider

KI III rIl:

:\'01'/11.

C. (1981). Structure and Change in

Economic History,

W. \1./.

Norton.

 

 

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20Field. Alexander J (l979)~ On the Explanation of Rules Using Rational Choice Models u/Ecol1omic Issues J3 (No~ I):