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Handbook of Biomedical

Image Analysis

TOPICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

INTERNATIONAL BOOK SERIES

Series Editor: Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou

Rutgers University

Piscataway, New Jersey

Signals and Systems in Biomedical Engineering:

Signal Processing and Physiological Systems Modeling

Suresh R. Devasahayam

Models of the Visual System

Edited by George K. Hung and Kenneth J. Ciuffreda

PDE and Level Sets: Algorithmic Approaches to Static and Motion Imagery

Edited by Jasjit S. Suri and Swamy Laxminarayan

Frontiers in Biomedical Engineering:

Proceedings of the World Congress for Chinese Biomedical Engineers Edited by Ned H.C. Hwang and Savio L-Y. Woo

Handbook of Biomedical Image Analysis:

Volume I: Segmentation Models Part A

Edited by Jasjit S. Suri, David L. Wilson, and Swamy Laxminarayan

Handbook of Biomedical Image Analysis:

Volume II: Segmentation Models Part B

Edited by Jasjit S. Suri, David L. Wilson, and Swamy Laxminarayan

Handbook of Biomedical Image Analysis:

Volume III: Registration Models

Edited by Jasjit S. Suri, David L. Wilson, and Swamy Laxminarayan

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

Handbook of Biomedical

Image Analysis

Volume II: Segmentation Models Part B

Edited by

Jasjit S. Suri

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, Ohio

David L. Wilson

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, Ohio

and

Swamy Laxminarayan

Institute of Rural Health

Idaho State University

Pocatello, Idaho

Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers

New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow

ISBN 0-306-48605-9 eISBN 0-306-48606-7 set ISBN: 0-387-23126-9

2005 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York

233 Spring Street, New York, New York 10013

http://www.wkap.nl/

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9

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A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Permissions for books published in Europe: permissions@wkap.nl

Permissions for books published in the United States of America: permissions@wkap.com

Printed in the United States of America

Jasjit Suri dedicates this handbook to

his youngest uncle Paramjeet Chadha and his immediate family: his late sister Sharan, his late brother Amarjeet, and his

late parents Kulwant Kaur and Udam S. Chadha (Fellow of Royal Institute of London).

David Wilson dedicates this handbook to his family and students.

Swamy Laxminarayan dedicates

this book in memory of his beloved parents who were a constant source of inspiration in his life and to his in-laws Corie and Derk Zwakman for their genuine sense

of family attachments and friendship.

Contributors

Alejandro F. Frangi, Ph.D.

University of Zaragoza,

Zaragoza, Spain

Anand Manhoar, M.S.

University of South Florida,

Tampa, FL, USA

Bruno M. Carvalho, M.S.

University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, USA

Chun Yuan, Ph.D.

University of Washington,

Seattle, WA, USA

David L. Wilson, Ph.D.

Case Western Reserve University,

Cleveland, OH, USA

Dirk Vandermeulen, Ph.D.

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Leuven, Belgium

Emiliano D’Agostino, Ph.D.

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Leuven, Belgium

Frederik Maes, Ph.D.

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Leuven, Belgium

Gabor Szekely, Ph.D.

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,

Zurich

Gabor T. Herman, Ph.D.

CUNY, New York, NY, USA

Jasjit S. Suri, Ph.D.

Case Western Reserve University,

Cleveland, OH, USA

Jean-Claude Klein, Ph.D.

Ecole des Mines de Paris,

Fontainebleau, France

Jeffrey Duerk, Ph.D.

Case Western Reserve University,

Cleveland, OH, USA

Jian Yang, Ph.D.

University of Zaragoza,

Zaragoza, Spain

John J. Heine, Ph.D.

University of South Florida,

Tampa, FL, USA

Jonathan Lewin, M.D.

Case Western Reserve University,

Cleveland, OH, USA

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Contributors

Keir Bovis, Ph.D.

Paul Suetens, Ph.D.

University of Exeter,

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Exeter, UK

Leuven, Belgium

Koen Van Leemput, Ph.D.

Petia, Raveda, Ph.D.

Helsinki University Central Hospital,

Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona,

Helsinki, Finland

Barcelona, Spain

Koon-Pong Wong, Ph.D.

Philippe C. Cattin, Ph.D.

Hong Kong Polytechnic University,

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,

Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong

Zurich

Maria Kallergi, Ph.D.

Sameer Singh, Ph.D.

University of South Florida,

University of Exeter,

Tampa, FL, USA

Exeter, UK

Marla R. Hersh, M.D.

Sameer Singh, Ph.D.

University of South Florida,

University of Exeter,

Tampa, FL, USA

Exeter, UK

Mart´ın Laclaustra, M.D., Ph.D.

Shuyu Yang, Ph.D.

Aragon Institute of Health Sciences,

Texas Tech University,

Zaragoza, Spain

Lubbock, TX, USA

Matthias Harders, Ph.D.

Siddharth Srivastava, Ph.D.

Swiss Federal Institue of Technology,

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,

Zurich

Leuven, Belgium

Misael Rosales, Ph.D.

Sierra, Ph.D.

Universidad de los Andes,

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,

Merida/Venezuela´

Zurich

Mugdha Tembey, M.S.

Sunanda Mitra, Ph.D.

University of South Florida,

Texas Tech University,

Tampa, FL, USA

Lubbock, TX, USA

Oriol Pujol, Ph.D.

Swamy Laxminarayan, D.Sc.

Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona,

State University of Idaho,

Barcelona, Spain

Pocatello, ID, USA

Olivier Salvado, M.S.

Thomas Walter, Ph.D.

Case Western Reserve University,

Ecole des Mines de Paris,

Cleveland, OH, USA

Fontainebleau, France

THE CONTRIBUTORS

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Vasanth Pappu, B.S.

Yoshinobu Sato, Ph.D.

Case Western Reserve University,

Osaka University,

Cleveland, OH, USA

Osaka, Japan

William S. Kerwin, Ph.D.

Zachary E. Miller, Ph.D.

University of Washington,

University of Washington,

Seattle, WA, USA

Seattle, WA, USA

Acknowledgments

This book is the result of collective endeavor from several noted engineering and computer scientists, mathematicians, medical doctors, physicists, and radiologists. The editors are indebted to all of their efforts and outstanding scientific contributions. The editors are particularly grateful to Drs. Petia Reveda, Alex Falco, Andrew Laine, David Breen, David Chopp, C. C. Lu, Gary Christensen, Dirk Vandermeulen, Aly Farag, Alejandro Frangi, Gilson Antonio Giraldi, Gabor Szekely, Pierre Hellier, Gabor Herman, Ardeshir Coshtasby, Jan Kybic, Jeff Weiss, Jean-Claude Klein, Majid Mirmehdi, Maria Kallergi, Yangming Zhu, Sunanda Mitra, Sameer Singh, Alessandro Sarti, Xioping Shen, Calvin R. Maurer, Jr., Yoshinobu Sato, Koon-Pong Wong, Avdhesh Sharma, Rakesh Sharma, and Chun Yuan and their team members for working with us so closely in meeting all of the deadlines of the book. We would like to express our appreciation to Kluwer Publishers for helping create this invitational handbook. We are particularly thankful to Aaron Johnson, the acquisition editor and Shoshana Sternlicht for their excellent coordination of the book at every stage.

Dr. Suri thanks Philips Medical Systems, Inc., for the MR datasets and encouragements during his experiments and research. Special thanks are due to Dr. Larry Kasuboski and Dr. Elaine Keeler from Philips Medical Systems, Inc., for their support and motivations. Thanks are also due to my past Ph.D. committee research professors, particularly Professors Linda Shapiro, Robert M. Haralick, Dean Lytle, and Arun Somani, for their encouragements.

We extend our appreciations to Drs. Ajit Singh, Siemens Medical Systems, George Thoma, chief, Imaging Science Division, National Institutes of Health, Dr. Sameer Singh, University of Exeter, UK, for his motivations.

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