Dictionary of Aviation - 2nd Edition
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XYZ
X-ray / eks re / noun 1. a ray with a very short wavelength, which is invisible, but can go through soft tissue or material and register as a photograph on a film 2. a photograph taken using X- rays verb to take an X-ray photograph of luggage
yard /jɑ d/ noun a unit of length in the US and British Imperial Systems equal to 3 ft or 0.9144 m. Abbreviation yd
yaw /jɔ / noun rotation of the aircraft around its vertical axis Three-axis control of roll, pitch and yaw is effected by ailerons, elevators and rudder. verb to rotate around the vertical axis
Single-engine, propeller-driven aircraft tend to yaw on take-off.
yoke /jəυk/ noun 1. a type of aircraft control column by which the pilot controls ailerons by rotating a device on top of the column to the left or right
Rotate the yoke to the left to roll the aircraft to the left. 2. a supporting structure like the forked metal mounting for the nosewheel The yoke was damaged in the incident.
Z abbreviation Zulu time
zero / z ərəυ/ noun nought or the figure 0 If the atmospheric pressure at an
airfield is 1,000 millibars (mb) and this pressure is set on the sub-scale of an aircraft altimeter, then when that aircraft touches down at the airfield, the altimeter will read zero.
zero-zero / z ərəυ z ərəυ/ adjective referring to flying conditions of thick, low cloud when a pilot can see nothing ahead and nothing above or below the aircraft
zonal / zəυn(ə)l/ adjective referring to one of the five parts into which the Earth’s surface is divided by imaginary lines parallel to the equator The circulation of air around the Earth is zonal in character.
zone /zəυn/ noun 1. an area with particular features or purpose 2. an administrative area of airspace control zone
aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ) 3. one of five divisions into which the Earth’s surface is divided by imaginary lines parallel to the equator temperate zone
climatic zone
zoom /zu m/ verb to make an aircraft climb rapidly at a very steep angle, or move upwards in this way
Zulu time / zu lu ta m/ noun
Greenwich Mean Time
SUPPLEMENTS
The Phonetic Alphabet
Standard words and phrases used in pilot communications Aircraft registration codes
Airline codes Airport codes
Local times around the world International dialling codes Standard symbols and abbreviations Weights and measures
Conversion factors
The Phonetic Alphabet
Certain letters of the alphabet sound very similar, especially when a person is talking on the telephone or radio. The phonetic alphabet is designed to prevent confusion, by using a distinctive word to represent each letter.
Aa |
Alpha* |
lfə |
Bb |
Bravo |
brɑ vəυ |
Cc |
Charlie |
tʃɑ li |
Dd |
Delta |
deltə |
Ee |
Echo |
ekəυ |
Ff |
Foxtrot |
fɒkstrɒt |
Gg |
Golf |
ɒlf |
Hh |
Hotel |
həυ tel |
Ii |
India |
ndiə |
Jj |
Juliet |
d u li et |
Kk |
Kilo |
ki ləυ |
Ll |
Lima |
li mə |
Mm |
Mike |
ma k |
Nn |
November |
nə vembə |
Oo |
Oscar |
ɒskə |
Pp |
Papa |
p pə |
Quebec |
kw bek |
|
Rr |
Romeo |
rəυmiəυ |
Ss |
Sierra |
si erə |
Tt |
Tango |
t n əυ |
Uu |
Uniform |
ju n fɔ m |
Vv |
Victor |
v ktə |
Ww |
Whisky** |
w ski |
Xx |
X-Ray |
eksre |
Yy |
Yankee |
j ŋki |
Zz |
Zulu |
zu lu |
*Alfa in US English
**Whiskey in US English
Standard words and phrases
Word/Phrase |
Meaning |
Acknowledge |
Let me know that you have received and understood this |
|
message. |
Affirm |
Yes |
Approved |
I give you permission for what you asked. |
Cancel |
Cancel the last clearance I gave to you. |
Check |
Examine a system or procedure. |
Cleared |
I give permission for you to continue, bearing in mind |
|
the conditions already given. |
Confirm |
Have I correctly received the following … ? or Did you |
|
correctly receive this message ? |
Contact |
Contact by radio … |
Correct |
That is correct. |
Correction |
An error was made in the last transmission. What |
|
follows is correct. |
Disregard |
Assume that the last transmission was not sent. |
How do you read? |
Tell me how good this transmission is on a 1 to 5 scale |
|
where 1 = unreadable (cannot understand) to |
|
5 = excellent reception (no difficulty in understanding). |
I say again |
I am repeating in order to make my meaning very clear. |
Over |
My transmission is finished and I want a response from |
|
you. |
Out |
This exchange of transmissions is finished. I do not want |
|
a response from you. |
Pass your message |
Proceed with your message. |
Read back |
Repeat all, or the specified part of this message back to |
|
me exactly as received. |
Request |
I want to know or I want to have. |
Roger |
I have received all of your last transmission. |
Say again |
Repeat all, or the following part of your last |
|
transmission. |
Speak slower |
Speak more slowly. |
Standby |
Wait and I will call you. |
Verify |
Check and confirm with me. |
Wilco |
I understand your message and will comply with it. |
Words Twice |
(as a request) Communication is difficult. Please send |
|
every word or group of words twice. |
|
(as information) Because communication is difficult, |
|
every word or group of words in this message will be |
|
sent twice. |
Aircraft registration codes
These codes are painted on all aircraft, showing their country of registration.
3A |
Monaco |
3B |
Mauritius |
3C |
Equatorial Guinea |
3D |
Swaziland |
3X |
Guinea |
4K |
Azerbaijan |
4R |
Sri Lanka |
4U |
United Nations Organisation |
4X |
Israel |
5A |
Libya |
5B |
Cyprus |
5H |
Tanzania |
5N |
Nigeria |
5R |
Madagascar |
5T |
Mauritania |
5U |
Niger |
5V |
Togo |
5W |
Samoa |
5X |
Uganda |
5Y |
Kenya |
6O |
Somalia |
6V |
Senegal |
6Y |
Jamaica |
7O |
Yemen |
7P |
Lesotho |
7Q |
Malawi |
7T |
Algeria |
8P |
Barbados |
8Q |
Maldives |
8R |
Guyana |
9A |
Croatia |
9G |
Ghana |
9H |
Malta |
9J |
Zambia |
9K |
Kuwait |
9L |
Sierra Leone |
9M |
Malaysia |
9N |
Nepal |
9Q |
Democratic Republic of the |
|
Congo |
9U |
Burundi |
9V |
Singapore |
9XR |
Rwanda |
9Y |
Trinidad and Tobago |
A2 |
Botswana |
A3 |
Tonga |
A40 |
Oman |
A5 |
Bhutan |
A6 |
United Arab Emirates |
A7 |
Qatar |
A9C |
Bahrain |
AP |
Pakistan |
B |
China & Taiwan |
B-H |
Hong Kong |
B-M |
Macau |
C |
Canada |
C2 |
Nauru |
C3 |
Andorra |
C5 |
Gambia |
C6 |
Bahamas |
C9 |
Mozambique |
CC |
Chile |
CN |
Morocco |
CP |
Bolivia |
CS |
Portugal |
CU |
Cuba |
CX |
Uruguay |
D |
Germany |
D2 |
Angola |
D4 |
Cape Verde |
D6 |
Comoros Islands |
DQ |
Fiji |
EC |
Spain |
EI |
Ireland |
EK |
Armenia |
EP |
Iran |
ER |
Moldova |
ES |
Estonia |
ET |
Ethiopia |
EW |
Belarus |
EY |
Tajikistan |
EZ |
Turkmenistan |
F |
France |
FNew Caledonia (France)
F |
Guadeloupe (France) |
F |
Martinique (France) |
FTahiti (French Polynesia)
GUnited Kingdom
Aircraft registration codes continued
H4 |
Solomon Islands |
HA |
Hungary |
HB |
Switzerland & |
|
Liechtenstein |
HC |
Ecuador |
HH |
Haiti |
HI |
Dominican Republic |
HK |
Colombia |
HL |
South Korea |
HP |
Panama |
HR |
Honduras |
HS |
Thailand |
HV |
The Vatican |
HZ |
Saudi Arabia |
I |
Italy |
J2 |
Djibouti |
J3 |
Grenada |
J5 |
Guinea Bissau |
J6 |
St Lucia |
J7 |
Dominica |
J8 |
St Vincent and the |
|
Grenadines |
JA |
Japan |
JU |
Mongolia |
JY |
Jordan |
LN |
Norway |
LV |
Argentina |
LX |
Luxembourg |
LY |
Lithuania |
LZ |
Bulgaria |
N |
USA |
OB |
Peru |
OD |
Lebanon |
OE |
Austria |
OH |
Finland |
OK |
Czech Republic |
OO |
Belgium |
OY |
Denmark |
P |
North Korea |
P2 |
Papua New Guinea |
P4 |
Aruba |
PH |
Netherlands |
PJ |
Netherland Antilles |
PK |
Indonesia |
PP |
Brazil |
PZ |
Suriname |
RA |
Russian Federation |
RP |
Philippines |
S2 |
Bangladesh |
S5 |
Slovenia |
S7 |
Seychelles |
S9 |
Sao Tome and Principe |
SE |
Sweden |
SP |
Poland |
ST |
Sudan |
SU |
Egypt |
SX |
Greece |
T2 |
Tuvalu |
T3 |
Kiribati |
T7 |
San Marino |
T8A |
Palau |
T9 |
Bosnia-Herzegovina |
TC |
Turkey |
TF |
Iceland |
TG |
Guatemala |
TI |
Costa Rica |
TJ |
Cameroon |
TL |
Central African |
|
Republic |
TN |
Congo-Brazzaville |
TR |
Gabon |
TS |
Tunisia |
TT |
Chad |
TU |
Côte d’Ivoire |
TY |
Benin |
TZ |
Mali |
UK |
Uzbekistan |
UR |
Ukraine |
V2 |
Antigua and Barbuda |
V3 |
Belize |
V4 |
St Kitts and Nevis |
V5 |
Namibia |
V6 |
Micronesia |
V7 |
Marshall Islands |
V8 |
Brunei |
VH |
Australia |
VN |
Vietnam |
VP, VQ |
British Overseas |
|
Territories |
VP-A |
Anguilla (UK) |
VP-B |
Bermuda (UK) |
VP-C |
Cayman Islands (UK) |
Aircraft registration codes continued
VP-F |
Falkland Islands |
VP-G |
Gibraltar (UK) |
VP-L |
British Virgin Islands |
VP-M |
Montserrat |
VQ-H |
St Helena (UK) |
VQ-T |
Turks and Caicos |
|
Islands (UK) |
VR-B |
Bermuda |
VR-C |
Cayman Island |
VR-G |
Gibraltar |
VR-H |
Hong Kong |
VT |
India |
XA |
Mexico |
XT |
Burkina Faso |
XU |
Cambodia |
XY |
Myanmar |
YA |
Afghanistan |
YI |
Iraq |
YJ |
Vanuatu |
YK |
Syria |
YL |
Latvia |
YN |
Nicaragua |
YR |
Romania |
YS |
El Salvador |
YU |
Serbia and Montenegro |
YV |
Venezuela |
Z |
Zimbabwe |
ZA |
Albania |
ZK |
New Zealand |
ZP |
Paraguay |
ZS |
South Africa |
Airline codes
2J |
Air Burkina |
4U |
GermanWings |
9U |
Air Moldova |
AA |
American Airlines |
AB |
Air Berlin |
AC |
Air Canada |
AF |
Air France |
AH |
Air Algerie |
AI |
Air India |
AM |
Aeromexico |
AQ |
Aloha Airlines |
AR |
Aerolineas Argentinas |
AS |
Alaska Airlines |
AT |
Royal Air Maroc |
AY |
Finnair |
AZ |
Alitalia |
BA |
British Airways |
BB |
Seaborne Airlines |
BD |
bmi British Midland |
BG |
Biman Bangladesh Airlines |
BH |
Transtate Airlines |
BI |
Royal Brunei Airlines |
BL |
Pacific Airlines |
BM |
Air Sicilia |
BO |
Bouraq Indonesia Airlines |
BP |
Air Botswana |
BR |
EVA Air |
BU |
Braathens ASA |
BW |
BWIA - West Indies |
|
Airways |
CA |
Air China International |
CB |
ScotAirways |
CI |
China Airlines |
CJ |
China Northern Airlines |
CM |
COPA (Compania |
|
Panamena de Aviación) |
CO |
Continental Airlines |
CU |
Cubana |
CX |
Cathay Pacific Airways |
CY |
Cyprus Airways |
CZ |
China Southern Airlines |
DL |
Delta Air Lines |
DS |
Easyjet Switzerland |
DT |
TAAG Angola Airlines |
DU |
Hemus Air |
DY |
Air Djibouti |
EI |
Aer Lingus |
EK |
Emirates |
ET |
Ethiopian Airlines |
FC |
Finncomm |
FG |
Ariana Afghan Airlines |
FI |
IcelandAir |
FJ |
Air Pacific |
FO |
Airlines of Tasmania |
FR |
Ryanair |
GA |
Garuda Indonesia |
GC |
Gambia International |
|
Airlines |
GF |
Gulf Air |
GH |
Ghana Airways |
GL |
Air Greenland |
GN |
Air Gabon |
GR |
Aurigny Air Services |
GY |
Guyana Airways |
HA |
Hawaiian Airlines |
HM |
Air Seychelles |
HP |
America West Airlines |
HV |
Transavia Airlines |
HY |
Uzbekistan Airways |
IB |
Iberia |
IC |
Indian Airlines |
IE |
Solomon Airlines |
IR |
Iran Air |
IV |
Wind Jet |
IY |
Yemenia - Yemen Airways |
JL |
Japan Airlines |
JM |
Air Jamaica |
JP |
Adria Airways |
JU |
JAT Airways |
JY |
Interisland Airways |
KE |
Korean Air Lines |
KL |
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines |
KM |
Air Malta |
KP |
Kiwi International Airlines |
KQ |
Kenya Airways |
KU |
Kuwait Airways |
KV |
Kavminvodyavia |
KX |
Cayman Airways |
KY |
Linhas Aereas de Air Sao |
|
Tome and Principe |
LA |
Lan-Chile |
LG |
Luxair |
LH |
Lufthansa |
LN |
Jamahiriya Libyan Arab |
|
Airlines |
LO |
LOT Polish Airlines |
LY |
El Al Israel Airlines |
LX |
Swiss |
LZ |
Balkan-Bulgarian Airlines |
Airline codes continued
MA |
MALEV Hungarian |
|
Airlines |
MD |
Air Madagascar |
MH |
Malaysia Airlines |
MK |
Air Mauritius |
MN |
Commercial Airways |
MR |
Air Mauritanie |
MS |
Egyptair |
NF |
Air Vanuatu |
NG |
Lauda Air |
NH |
All Nippon Airways |
NO |
Aus-Air |
NQ |
Air Japan |
NV |
Nakanihon Airlines |
NW |
Northwest Airlines |
NZ |
Air New Zealand |
OA |
Olympic Airlines |
OB |
Astrakhan Airlines |
OK |
Czech Airlines |
OM |
MIAT - Mongolian |
|
Airlines |
ON |
Air Nauru |
OO |
SkyWest Airlines |
OS |
Austrian Airlines |
OU |
Croatia Airlines |
OV |
Estonian Air |
PB |
Provincial Airlines |
PC |
Air Fiji |
PH |
Polynesian |
PK |
Pakistan International |
|
Airlines |
PR |
Philippine Airlines |
PS |
Ukraine International |
|
Airlines |
PU |
Pluna Lineas Aereas |
|
Uruguayas |
PX |
Air Niugini |
PY |
Surinam Airways |
PZ |
TAM - Transportes Aereos |
|
del Mercosur |
QF |
Qantas Airways |
QM |
Air Malawi |
QR |
Qatar Airways |
QU |
East African Airlines |
QV |
Lao Airlines |
QX |
Horizon Air |
RA |
Royal Nepal Airlines |
RB |
Syrian Arab Airlines |
RG |
Varig |
RJ |
Royal Jordanian |
RK |
Royal Khymer Airlines |
RO |
TAROM |
SA |
South African Airways |
SD |
Sudan Airways |
SK |
SAS |
SN |
SN Brussels Airlines |
SQ |
Singapore Airlines |
SU |
Aeroflot Russian Airlines |
SV |
Saudi Arabian Airlines |
SW |
Air Namibia |
TC |
Air Tanzania |
TE |
Lithuanian Airlines |
TG |
Thai Airways International |
TK |
Turkish Airlines |
TM |
LAM - Lineas Aereas de |
|
Moçambique |
TN |
Air Tahiti Nui |
TP |
TAP - Air Portugal |
TU |
Tunisair |
U2 |
Easyjet |
UA |
United Airlines |
UB |
Myanmar Airways |
UI |
Eurocypria Airlines |
UL |
SriLankan Airlines |
UM |
Air Zimbabwe |
US |
US Airways |
UY |
Cameroon Airlines |
VE |
AVENSA |
VH |
Aeropostal |
VJ |
Jatayu Airlines |
VN |
Vietnam Airlines |
VO |
Tyrolean Airlines |
VR |
TACV - Transportes |
|
Aereos de Cabo Verde |
VS |
Virgin Atlantic |
VU |
Air Ivoire |
VX |
V Bird |
W6 |
Wizz Air |
WG |
Wasaya Airlines |
WJ |
Labrador Airways |
W6 |
Wizz Air |
WG |
Wasaya Airlines |
WJ |
Labrador Airways |
WN |
Southwest Airlines |
WR |
Royal Tongan Airlines |
WY |
Oman Aviation |
YK |
Kibris Turk Hava Yollari |
YN |
Air Creebec |
YU |
Dominair |
ZB |
Monarch Airlines |
Airport codes
code |
airport |
country |
ABJ |
Abidjan |
Côte d’Ivoire |
ABZ |
Aberdeen |
UK |
ACA |
Acapulco |
Mexico |
ACC |
Accra |
Ghana |
ADD |
Addis Ababa |
Ethiopia |
ADL |
Adelaide |
Australia |
AGP |
Malaga |
Spain |
AKL |
Auckland |
New Zealand |
ALC |
Alicante |
Spain |
ALG |
Algiers |
Algeria |
AMM |
Amman |
Jordan |
AMS |
Amsterdam |
Netherlands |
ANC |
Anchorage |
USA |
ANK |
Ankara |
Turkey |
ANR |
Antwerp |
Belgium |
ANU |
Antigua |
Antigua |
ARN |
Stockholm Arlanda |
Sweden |
ASU |
Asuncion |
Paraguay |
ATH |
Athens |
Greece |
ATL |
Atlanta |
USA |
AUH |
Abu Dhabi |
UAE |
AXA |
Wallblake |
Anguilla |
BAH |
Bahrain |
Bahrain |
BCN |
Barcelona |
Spain |
BDA |
Bermuda |
Bermuda |
BER |
Berlin |
Germany |
BEY |
Beirut |
Lebanon |
BFS |
Belfast |
UK |
BGI |
Bridgetown |
Barbados |
BGO |
Bergen |
Norway |
BHX |
Birmingham |
UK |
BIO |
Bilbao |
Spain |
BJL |
Banjul |
Gambia |
BJM |
Bujumbura |
Burundi |
BJS |
Beijing |
China |
BKK |
Bangkok |
Thailand |
BLQ |
Bologna |
Italy |
BNE |
Brisbane |
Australia |
BOD |
Bordeaux |
France |
BOG |
Bogota |
Colombia |
BOM |
Mumbai |
India |
BOS |
Boston |
USA |
BRE |
Bremen |
Germany |
BRN |
Berne |
Switzerland |
BRS |
Bristol |
UK |