MusculoSkeletal Exam
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Index |
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cubital (antecubital) fossa—200, 200 |
dorsal tubercle of radius (Lister’s |
subtalar (hindfoot)—404, 405, 415, 416, |
cubitus valgus—198 |
tubercle)—244, 245 |
419 |
cubitus varus (gunstock deformity)— |
dorsalis pedis pulse—391–2, 392 |
evertors of foot—415, 415 |
198 |
dorsiflexion of ankle/foot—419 |
extension |
cuboid—381, 382 |
active—400, 401, 402 |
cervical |
palpation—393, 394 |
passive—401, 403, 403 |
active—60, 61 |
cuboid-metatarsal joint—408–9, 409 |
resistive—413, 413, 414 |
intervertebral mobility testing—62 |
cuneiform—381, 382, 386, 387 |
double support—438 |
passive—62 |
cuneiform-metatarsal joint—410, 410 |
dowager’s hump—28 |
resistive—67, 67 |
cutaneous innervation of lower limb—123 |
drop arm test—190, 191 |
elbow—206, 221 |
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drop foot—391 |
active—208 |
de Quervain’s disease—248, 274, 275, 284, |
duck walk test (Childress’ sign)—373 |
passive—209, 210, 210 |
285 |
Dupuytren contracture—239 |
resistive—217, 218 |
deep fascia—14 |
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fingers—279 |
deep infrapatella bursa—345, 345 |
eccentric contraction—11 |
active—250 |
deep tendon (stretch) reflexes—31 |
effusion in knee—376 |
interphalangeal joint—256, 257 |
deltoid (medial collateral) ligament—386, |
elastin—8, 9 |
resistive—268, 268–9, 269 |
388, 388 |
elbow—141, 196–232 |
hip—325 |
deltoid muscle—170, 171, 172, 172 |
active movement testing—208 |
active—304, 305 |
palpation—150–1, 151 |
dermatomes—223 |
passive—308, 309 |
trigger points—159 |
extension—206, 221 |
resistive—315, 316, 317, 317 |
dermatomes—128 |
flexion—206, 221, 227 |
knee—365 |
cervical—68, 70, 73 |
functional anatomy—196–7 |
active—354 |
elbow—223 |
golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis) |
passive—355, 356 |
hand and wrist—280, 280 |
test—229, 230 |
resistive—364, 364 |
hip—324, 326 |
inflammatory disease—200 |
lumbosacral spine |
knee—367 |
mechanisms of injury—196, 199 |
active—110, 111 |
lower extremity—122 |
mobility testing—211–15 |
passive—113 |
lower leg—418, 419 |
neurological examination—220–8, 221 |
resistive—119, 119–20 |
lumbar—122, 122 |
entrapment neuropathies—223–8 |
metacarpophalangeal joint—254, 255 |
sacral—129 |
observation—197–8 |
metatarsophalangeal joint—406–7, 407 |
shoulder—181, 183 |
palpatory examination—198, 200–7 |
in one-leg standing—137, 137 |
thoracic—78 |
anterior aspect—200–1 |
shoulder—182 |
upper arm and forearm—223 |
lateral aspect—202, 204 |
active—162, 163 |
diabetes mellitus—384 |
medial aspect—201–2 |
passive—165, 165 |
dislocation |
posterior aspect—205–7 |
resistive—172, 172 |
elbow—196 |
passive movement testing—208–15 |
thumb—259, 259, 273, 273–4, 274, 279 |
shoulder—181 |
radiological views—231, 232, 232 |
active—251 |
appearance—185, 185 |
referred pain patterns—229, 231 |
toe—419 |
apprehension test (Crank test)— |
reflexes—221–3 |
active—401, 402 |
184–5, 187 |
resistive testing—215–20 |
resistive—417, 417, 418 |
distal interphalangeal crease—237 |
sensation—223, 224, 225 |
trunk—119, 119–20 |
distal interphalangeal joint |
subjective examination—198 |
wrist |
extension—256, 257 |
tennis elbow test (lateral epicondylitis) |
active—250 |
flexion—255–6, 257, 266, 266 |
test—228–9, 230 |
passive—251, 252 |
traction—261, 261 |
trigger points—207, 208, 209 |
resistive—263–5, 265 |
distal palmar (transverse) crease—237 |
elbow flexion test—227 |
extension moment—439 |
distal wrist crease—237 |
elevation, scapular—177–8, 178 |
extensor carpi radialis brevis—248, 248 |
distraction—32 |
muscles, innervation and root levels— |
palpation—204 |
cervical spine—79 |
182 |
resistive testing—263, 265 |
sacroiliac—136, 137 |
Elvey’s test (brachial plexus tension test; |
extensor carpi radialis longus—248, 248 |
temporomandibular joint—94 |
upper limb tension test)—68–9, 70, |
palpation—204 |
dominant eye, use in physical |
71 |
resistive testing—263, 265 |
examination—18 |
Ely’s test—328, 329 |
extensor carpi ulnaris—250, 250 |
dorsal artery of foot—391–2, 392 |
empty can (supraspinatus) test—191, 192 |
resistive testing—263–4, 265 |
dorsal cutaneous ulnar nerve entrapment— |
empty end feel—30 |
extensor digiti minimi—249, 249 |
282–3 |
end feel (end point)—29 |
resistive testing—268, 268 |
dorsal glide |
endomysium—11 |
extensor digitorum |
cuboid-metatarsal joint—408–9, 409 |
entrapment neuropathies—280–3 |
palpation—204 |
fibula at superior tibiofibular joint—407, |
elbow—223–8 |
resistive testing—268, 268 |
408 |
epimysium—11 |
extensor digitorum brevis—392, 392, 417, |
first cuneiform-metatarsal joint—410, |
equinus deformity—441, 442, 443 |
417 |
410 |
Erb-Duchenne palsy—181, 185 |
extensor digitorum communis—249, 249 |
humeral head—168, 169 |
erector spinae (sacrospinalis muscle)—102, |
extensor digitorum longus—417 |
metacarpals—260–1, 261 |
102, 119 |
tendon palpation—391, 392 |
metatarsals—410, 410 |
eversion, foot and ankle—419 |
extensor hallucis brevis—417, 417 |
radial head—215, 215, 260 |
active—400, 401, 402 |
extensor hallucis longus—391, 391, 417, |
radius—215, 215, 260 |
forefoot—406, 406 |
417, 418 |
dorsal interossei—269, 270 |
passive—403–4, 404, 405, 406, 406 |
extensor indicis—249, 249, 268, 268 |
455
Index
extensor pollicis brevis—248, 273, 274 |
first rib |
flexor carpi radialis |
extensor pollicis longus—248, 249, 273, |
palpation—53, 54 |
palpation—202, 239, 240 |
273 |
structures of thoracic outlet—192 |
resistive testing—262, 263 |
extensor retinaculum—247, 247 |
ventral-caudal glide—65, 66 |
flexor carpi ulnaris—202 |
extensors of hip—315, 315 |
flat back—27, 27 |
palpation—237, 237 |
external oblique—118 |
flat foot (pes planus)—19, 23, 24, 27, 426, |
resistive testing—262, 263 |
external occipital protuberance (inion)— |
426 |
flexor digitorum brevis—415, 416 |
40, 41 |
flexibility test |
flexor digitorum longus—388, 388, 389, |
external rotation |
ankle and foot—421, 422 |
389, 413, 415, 416 |
hip—325 |
hip—327–8 |
flexor digitorum profundus |
active—305, 307 |
knee—368 |
palpation—238–9 |
passive—311, 311 |
flexible flat foot—426, 426 |
resistive testing—266, 266 |
resistive—319, 322, 323 |
flexion |
flexor digitorum superficialis—238–9, 266, |
shoulder—182 |
ankle—419 |
267, 268 |
active—162, 163, 163 |
resistive—411, 411–12, 412, 413, |
flexor hallucis brevis—415, 416 |
passive—166–7, 167 |
413 |
flexor hallucis longus—389, 389, 413, 415 |
radiological views—194 |
cervical spine |
flexor pollicis brevis—272, 273 |
resistive—176–7, 177 |
active—60, 61, 62 |
flexor pollicis longus—272, 273 |
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passive—62, 63 |
flexors |
Fabere (Patrick’s) test—136, 137, 330, 331 |
resistive—65, 66, 67 |
ankle—411, 411, 413, 413 |
facet joints—34, 43, 45, 45 |
elbow—206, 221 |
cervical spine—65 |
Fairbanks (apprehension) test—373, 376 |
active—208 |
elbow—216 |
fascia—14 |
passive—209, 210, 210 |
fingers—266, 267 |
fasciitis—14 |
resistive—215, 215–16, 216 |
hip—313 |
fast-twitch fiber—11, 12 |
fingers—279 |
knee—362, 363 |
femoral artery—299, 299 |
active—250 |
shoulder—171 |
femoral head ventral glide—312, 314 |
interphalangeal joint—255–6, 257 |
thumb—272 |
femoral nerve—299, 299 |
passive—253–4, 255, 255–6, 257 |
toes—415, 416 |
femoral nerve (prone knee bending) test— |
resistive—266, 266 |
trunk—118 |
32 |
foot |
wrist—202 |
femoral pulse—299, 299 |
active—401 |
foot—380–432, 434 |
femoral stretch test—133, 135 |
metatarsophalangeal joint—406, 407 |
abnormal gait—440–2 |
femoral triangle—298, 298 |
passive—406, 407 |
active movement testing—400, 401 |
femoral vein—299, 299 |
plantar flexion—400, 401, 402, 403, |
alignment tests—426–7 |
femur—336 |
403 |
arches—381, 382 |
anteversion |
resistive—411, 411–12, 412, 413, 413 |
bones—381, 382, 383 |
angle—332, 332 |
hand—270, 270 |
columns—383, 384 |
Craig test—332–3, 333 |
metacarpophalangeal joint—253–4, |
dermatomes—418, 419 |
condyles—336, 336 |
255 |
flexibility tests—421, 422 |
fibrocartilage—7, 9 |
hip—325 |
functional anatomy—381–4 |
fibroelastic cartilage—7, 8 |
active—304, 305 |
mobility testing—407–11 |
fibrosis—14 |
passive—307–8, 308 |
neurological examination—417–21 |
fibula—380 |
resistive—313, 314, 315, 315 |
neurological tests—421–3 |
dorsal and ventral glide at superior |
intervertebral mobility testing—62, 63 |
observation—384 |
tibiofibular joint—407, 408 |
knee—365 |
overuse syndromes—385 |
head palpation—349, 349–50 |
active—354 |
palpatory examination—385–401 |
ventral glide at inferior tibiofibular joint |
gait—438 |
dorsal aspect—390–2 |
407, 408 |
passive—355, 355 |
lateral aspect—393–5 |
fifth metatarsal—393, 394 |
resistive—362–3, 363 |
medial aspect—385–90 |
finger flexor jerk—73 |
lumbar spine |
plantar surface—397–9 |
finger pads—241 |
active—110, 110 |
posterior aspect—395–7 |
fingers—234 |
passive—112, 112–13 |
toes—399–401 |
abduction—270, 271, 279 |
resistive—117 |
passive movement testing—401, 403–11 |
active movement testing—250 |
shoulder—182 |
posture examination—19, 23, 26, 27 |
adduction—270, 271, 279 |
active—156, 162, 162, 163 |
radiological views—427, 430, 431 |
extension—279 |
passive—164, 164 |
referred pain patterns—421, 421 |
flexion—279 |
resistive—170–2, 171 |
reflexes—418 |
palpation—240–1, 247 |
thumb—258–9, 259, 259, 273, 273, 279 |
resistive testing—411–17 |
passive testing—253–9 |
active—251 |
structural integrity tests—423–6 |
resistive testing—265–70 |
toes—419 |
subjective examination—384–5 |
Finkelstein’s test—284, 284 |
active—401, 402 |
foot drop—413 |
first carpometacarpal joint—256, 258, 258 |
resistive—411, 415, 416, 417 |
foot slap—441, 442 |
first cricoid ring—51, 52 |
trunk—117, 118 |
forearm |
first cuneiform-metatarsal joint—410, 410 |
wrist |
dermatomes—223 |
first metacarpal—243–4, 244 |
active—250 |
pronation—217, 219, 219, 221 |
first metatarsal joint—386, 387 |
passive—251, 252 |
supination—219–20, 220 |
first metatarsophalangeal joint |
resistive—262–3, 263, 264 |
forefoot—381, 382, 384 |
palpation—386, 387 |
flexion moment—438 |
columns—383, 384 |
traction—411, 411 |
flexion (proximal palmar) crease—237 |
deviations from normal alignment—426 |
456
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Index |
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passive eversion—406, 406 |
hallux valgus—23, 24, 386, 387, 435, 436 |
palpatory examination—296–302 |
passive inversion—405, 405 |
hamate—241, 242 |
bony structures—296–8, 300–1 |
forefoot valgus/varus—426–7, 428 |
hammer toe—23, 24, 400, 401 |
soft-tissue structures—298–300, |
forefoot-heel alignment test—426–7, 428 |
hamstring jerk—127, 366, 366–7 |
301–2 |
forward bending |
hamstrings—315, 317, 319, 338, 362, 364, |
passive movement testing—305–12 |
cervical and thoracic spine—60, 61 |
365 |
posture examination—19, 23, 25, 26 |
lumbosacral spine—110, 110 |
trigger points—353 |
radiological views—333, 333, 334 |
forward head posture—28 |
hand—141, 234–91 |
referred pain patterns—327 |
Fowler relocation test—185 |
active movement testing—250–1 |
resistive testing—313–24 |
fracture |
dermatomes—280, 280 |
stability and structural integrity tests— |
Bennett’s—244 |
Finkelstein’s test—284, 284 |
328, 330–1 |
elbow—196 |
flexion—270, 270 |
subjective examination—295 |
Jones—393 |
functional anatomy—234–5 |
trigger points—302, 302, 303, 304 |
sacrum—306 |
joint flexibility and stability tests—287–9 |
Hoffman reflex—32 |
stress, lower leg and foot—425 |
mobility testing—259–61 |
Homan’s sign—421, 422 |
freeway space assessment—92, 92 |
muscles, innervation and root levels— |
Hoover test—133 |
Froment’s sign—276, 278 |
279 |
housemaid’s knee—345 |
funny bone—201 |
neurological examination—279–83 |
Hughston (jerk) test—371, 371, 372 |
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observation—235 |
humeroradial bursa—204 |
Gaenslen’s sign—135, 136 |
palpatory examination—236–50 |
humeroradial joint—196, 197 |
gait—434–45 |
dorsal aspect—244–50 |
traction—213, 214, 215 |
abnormal—437, 440–5 |
palmar aspect—236–41 |
humeroulnar joint—196, 197 |
foot and ankle—440–2 |
radial (lateral) aspect—242–4 |
traction—211, 212 |
hip—443–4 |
ulnar (medial) aspect—241–2 |
humerus—141, 196 |
knee—442–3 |
passive movement testing—251–61 |
acromion process relationship—144, 144 |
observation—440, 441 |
fingers—253–9 |
dorsal glide—168, 169 |
definition—437 |
mobility testing—259–61 |
greater tuberosity—148, 149 |
leg length discrepancy—444–5 |
radial deviation—253, 253 |
movement limitation with biceps tendon |
normal—437, 437–40, 438 |
ulnar deviation—253, 254 |
rupture—145 |
stance phase—438 |
wrist extension—251, 252 |
ventral glide—167–8, 168 |
swing phase—438 |
wrist flexion—251, 252 |
hyaline cartilage—7 |
gamekeeper’s thumb—261, 262 |
Phalen’s test—282, 283 |
hyaluronic acid—6, 7 |
gastrocnemius—352, 352, 411, 411 |
radiological views—291 |
hyoid bone—49, 50 |
gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa— |
referred pain patterns—289, 290 |
hypothenar eminence—238 |
353, 353 |
resistive testing—265–79 |
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gemellus inferior—319, 322 |
distal interphalangeal joint flexion— |
ilia (innominate bones)—35 |
gemellus superior—319, 322 |
266, 266 |
iliac crest—98, 98, 296, 296 |
genu recurvatum—19, 25, 27, 340 |
finger extension—268, 268–9, 269 |
iliac tubercle—296, 296 |
genu valgum—19, 20, 25, 340 |
interossei—269, 269–70, 270 |
iliacus—313, 314 |
genu varum—19, 20, 25 |
proximal interphalangeal joint flexion |
trigger points—304 |
Gerdy’s tubercle—349, 349 |
266, 267, 268, 268 |
iliocostalis lumborum—109, 119 |
Gillet (marching; stork) test—115–16, 116 |
thumb—273–9 |
iliocostalis thoracis—108, 119, 119 |
glenohumeral joint—143, 144, 144 |
subjective examination—235–6 |
iliopsoas muscle—122 |
glenoid—141, 143, 144, 167 |
Tinel’s test—280, 282 |
iliotibial band—293, 294, 294–5, 328, |
gluteus maximus—293, 315, 315, 317, 319 |
Hawkins supraspinatus impingement test— |
350, 350–1 |
trigger points—302 |
190–1, 191 |
immobilization—6 |
gluteus medius—293, 317, 318, 322, |
head position—22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 37 |
impingement syndromes |
439–40 |
Heberden’s nodes—240 |
shoulder—144–5, 146 |
trigger points—303 |
heel-strike—438, 439, 439 |
supraspinatus tendon tests—190–1, 191 |
gluteus minimus—293, 323, 323 |
Helfet test—373, 376 |
infection—448 |
goiter—51 |
hindfoot—381, 382 |
inferior glenohumeral ligament—144, |
golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)— |
deviations from normal alignment— |
144 |
201 |
426 |
inferior instability test—188, 188 |
test—229, 230 |
passive eversion—404–5, 405 |
inferior lateral angle—100, 101 |
goniometer—29 |
passive inversion—404, 405 |
inferior tibiofibular joint |
gout—440 |
hindfoot valgus/varus—426, 427 |
fibular ventral glide—407, 408 |
gracilis—319, 320, 347, 362, 364, 365 |
hip—293–334, 434 |
palpation—390, 390 |
gravity test (posterior drawer test)—358, |
abnormal gait—443–4 |
inflammatory disease—447 |
358 |
active movement testing—303–5 |
elbow—200 |
greater occipital nerve—48, 49 |
alignment tests—331–3 |
inflammatory reaction—2–3 |
greater trochanter—297–8, 298 |
congenital dysplasia—295 |
infrahyoid muscle—87, 88 |
greater tuberosity of humerus—148, 149 |
dermatomes—324, 326 |
infrapatellar ligament—344, 345 |
grinding/distraction test of Apley—373, |
flexibility tests—327–8 |
infrapatellar nerve injury—367, 368 |
375 |
flexion moment—439 |
infraspinatus—176, 177 |
grip evaluation—289, 289 |
functional anatomy—293, 293–5 |
trigger points—158 |
ground substance—5–6 |
mechanics—293, 293–4, 294 |
infraspinatus tendon—143, 151, 155, |
growth-plate cartilage—7 |
mobility testing—312 |
156 |
gunstock deformity (cubitus varus)—198 |
neurological examination—324–7 |
inguinal ligament—299, 299, 325 |
Guyon’s canal—234–5, 242, 283, 283 |
observation—295 |
inion—40, 41 |
457
Index
innervation |
flexion—365, 439 |
lateral (radial) aspect of wrist and hand— |
ankle and foot—419, 420, 421 |
functional anatomy—336–9 |
242–4 |
elbow—221, 224, 225 |
joint effusion tests—376 |
lateral (radial) compartment of hand— |
hand and wrist—279 |
ligaments—8, 9 |
239–41 |
hip—326, 326 |
meniscal damage tests—371, 373 |
lateral rotation |
knee—365, 367 |
mobility testing—356–9 |
cervical spine—67, 67 |
muscles—12 |
neurological examination—365–7 |
knee—356, 356 |
innominates (ilia)—35 |
observation—339–40 |
shoulder—182 |
intercostobrachial nerve—184 |
palpatory examination—341–53 |
lateral tibial plateau—349, 349 |
intermediate fiber—12 |
anterior aspect—341–5 |
lateral tibial tubercle—349, 349 |
internal oblique—118 |
lateral aspect—347–51 |
latissimus dorsi—118, 153, 154, 172, 172, |
internal rotation |
medial aspect—345–7 |
175 |
hip |
posterior aspect—351–3 |
laxity—31 |
active—305, 307 |
passive movement testing—354–9 |
leg |
passive—310, 310–11 |
patellofemoral joint tests—373 |
lateral rotation—365 |
resistive—322–4, 323, 324 |
posture examination—19, 20, 23, 26, 27 |
medial rotation—365 |
shoulder |
radiological views—377, 378, 378 |
nerve distribution—367 |
active—163, 163 |
referred pain patterns—368, 368 |
leg length discrepancy—19, 20, 25, 331, |
muscles, innervation and root levels— |
reflexes—366–7 |
331 |
182 |
resistive testing—359–65 |
abnormal gait—444–5 |
passive movement testing—165–6, |
stability—337–8, 339 |
alignment tests—331, 331, 332, 332 |
166 |
stability and structural integrity tests— |
apparent—332, 332 |
radiological views—194 |
368–71 |
true leg length measurement—331, 331 |
resistive—175, 175–6, 176 |
subjective examination—340 |
leg-heel alignment test—426, 427 |
interossei—269, 269–70, 270 |
trigger points—353, 353, 354 |
levator scapulae—177, 178 |
interosseous nerve entrapment—225, 227 |
knee jerk—366, 366 |
palpation—49 |
interphalangeal creases—237 |
Koch model—293, 293 |
trigger points—157 |
interphalangeal joint |
kyphosis—20, 22, 28, 29 |
Lhermitte’s sign—79, 79 |
extension—256, 257 |
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ligament—8, 8–10, 9 |
flexion—255–6, 257, 266, 266, 267, |
L1 root level testing—122, 124 |
injury—446 |
268, 268 |
L2 root level testing—122, 124 |
ligament of Struthers—223–4 |
foot—384 |
L3 root level testing—125, 125, 127 |
ligamentum flavum—9 |
palpation—247 |
L4 root level testing—126, 127 |
ligamentum nuchae—48–9, 50 |
intervertebral mobility |
L5 root level testing—127, 128 |
ligamentum teres—293 |
cervical spine—62–3, 63, 64 |
Lachman test—369, 369 |
limping—439 |
lumbar spine—113–15, 114 |
Larsen–Johansson disease—343 |
Lister’s tubercle (dorsal tubercle of |
intrathecal pressure—135 |
Lasegue’s (straight-leg raise) test—32, |
radius)—244, 245 |
intrinsic minus hand (claw hand)—283, |
131–3, 132 |
long bone—6, 7 |
284 |
lateral bending of cervical spine—68, 68 |
long saphenous vein—389–90, 390 |
inversion, foot and ankle—419 |
lateral border of scapula—152, 153 |
longissimus thoracis—109, 119, 119 |
active—400, 401, 402 |
lateral collateral ligament—204, 204, 336, |
longitudinal arch of foot—381, 382 |
forefoot—405, 405 |
337, 337, 350, 350 |
longitudinal distraction |
passive—403, 404, 404–5, 405 |
lateral distraction |
hip—312, 312 |
subtalar (hindfoot)—404–5, 405, 413, |
hip—312, 313 |
shoulder—167, 168 |
414, 415, 415, 419 |
shoulder—167, 168 |
lordosis—26, 35 |
inversion stress test—425, 425 |
lateral epicondyle—202, 206 |
Losee test—371 |
invertors of foot—413, 414 |
lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)—202 |
lower abdominal skin reflex—127, 130, |
ischial tuberosity—100–1, 101, 301, 301 |
test—228–9, 230 |
130 |
isciorectal abscess—306 |
lateral (external) rotation |
lower extremity—434–7 |
isometric contraction—11, 30 |
hip |
ankle and foot—380–432 |
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active—305, 307 |
active movement testing—401 |
jaw closing—95, 95 |
passive—311, 311 |
alignment tests—426–7 |
jaw jerk—95, 95 |
resistive—319, 322, 323 |
dorsal palpatory examination—390–2 |
jaw opening—94–5, 95 |
shoulder |
flexibility test—421, 422 |
jaw posture—23 |
passive—166–7, 167 |
lateral palpatory examination—393–5 |
Jendrassik’s method of reinforcement—31 |
resistive—176–7, 177 |
medial palpatory examination— |
jerk (Hughston) test—371, 371, 372 |
lateral femoral condyle—347, 348 |
385–90 |
Jobe relocation test—185 |
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve—325, 327 |
mobility testing—407–11 |
joint effusion in knee—376 |
lateral femoral epicondyle—347, 348 |
neurological examination—417–21 |
Jones fracture—393 |
lateral gapping |
observation—384 |
jumper’s knee—344, 364 |
elbow—213, 214 |
passive movement testing—401, |
|
knee—358, 360 |
403–11 |
Keinböck’s disease—244 |
lateral glide |
plantar surface palpatory |
knee—336–78, 434 |
tibia—359, 361 |
examination—397–9 |
abnormal gait—442–3 |
ulna—212 |
posterior palpatory examination— |
active movement testing—354 |
lateral malleolus—393, 393 |
395–7 |
dermatomes—367 |
lateral meniscus—349, 350 |
radiological views—427, 430, 431, |
extension—365 |
lateral pterygoid—86–7, 95 |
432 |
flexibility tests—368 |
trigger points—88 |
referred pain patterns—421, 421 |
458
Index
resistive testing—411–17 |
L3 root level—125, 125 |
medial femoral condyle—345, 346 |
structural integrity tests—423–6 |
L4 root level—126, 127 |
medial gapping |
subjective examination—384–5 |
L5 root level—127, 128 |
elbow—213, 214 |
toe palpation—399–401 |
lumbar plexus—120, 120–1 |
knee—358, 359 |
cutaneous innervation—123 |
lumbosacral plexus—121, 121, 122 |
medial glide |
gait—434–45 |
S1 root level—127, 129 |
tibia—359, 361 |
abnormal—440–5 |
S2-S4 root levels—127 |
ulna—213, 213 |
definition—437 |
observation—97 |
medial hamstring jerk—127, 128 |
normal—437, 437–40, 438 |
palpatory examination—98–106 |
medial longitudinal arch—27, 27 |
hip—293–334 |
anterior bony structures—104, 105 |
medial malleolus—385, 386 |
abnormal gait—443–4 |
anterior soft-tissue structures—105–6, |
medial meniscus—346, 347 |
active movement testing—303–5 |
106 |
medial pterygoid—86–7, 95 |
alignment tests—331, 331, 332, 332 |
posterior bony structures—98–101, |
medial rotation |
flexibility tests—327–8 |
99, 100, 101 |
hip—325 |
mobility testing—312 |
posterior soft-tissue structures— |
active—305, 307 |
neurological examination—324–7 |
101–2, 102, 103 |
passive—310, 310–11 |
observation—295 |
side-lying soft-tissue structures—104 |
resistive—322–4, 323, 324 |
palpatory examination—296–302 |
passive testing—111–17 |
knee—356, 356 |
passive movement testing—305–12 |
physiological movements—112 |
shoulder |
radiological views—333, 333, 334 |
radiological views—137, 138, 139 |
muscles, innervation and root level— |
referred pain patterns—327 |
referred pain patterns—107, 108, 109 |
182 |
resistive testing—313–24 |
resistive testing—117–20 |
passive—165–6, 166 |
stability and structural integrity tests— |
sacroiliac joint tests—136, 136–7, 137 |
resistive—175, 175–6, 176 |
328, 330–1 |
slump test—133, 134 |
medial tibial plateau—345, 346 |
subjective examination—295 |
straight-leg raise test—131–3, 132 |
medial tubercle of calcaneus—397–8, 398 |
trigger points—302, 302, 303, 304 |
subjective examination—97 |
median nerve—235 |
knee—336–78 |
tests to increase intrathecal pressure— |
entrapment—280, 281, 282 |
abnormal gait—442–3 |
135 |
elbow—223, 226 |
active movement testing—354 |
trigger points—106, 107, 108, 109 |
pronator teres—224–5, 226, 227 |
flexibility tests—368 |
Valsalva’s maneuver—135, 136 |
palpation—200, 201 |
ligaments—8, 9 |
lunate—244, 245 |
stretch test—68–9, 70 |
mobility testing—356–9 |
lurch (compensated Trendelenburg) gait— |
medullary canal (marrow cavity)—6 |
neurological examination—365–7 |
443, 444 |
meniscal damage tests—371, 373 |
observation—339–40 |
lymph node palpation, neck—55, 55 |
menisci—336, 336, 337, 338 |
palpatory examination—341–53 |
|
meralgia paresthetica—325, 327 |
passive movement testing—354–9 |
Macintosh (pivot shift) test—338, 369, |
metabolic joint disease—447 |
patellofemoral joint tests—373 |
370, 371 |
metacarpals |
radiological views—377, 378, 378 |
McMurray’s test—371, 373, 374 |
first—243–4, 244 |
referred pain patterns—368, 368 |
magnetic resonance imaging |
palmar and dorsal glide—260–1, 261 |
resistive testing—359–65 |
cervical spine—81 |
palpation—246, 246 |
stability and structural integrity tests— |
lumbosacral spine—138, 139 |
metacarpophalangeal joint |
368–71 |
shoulder—194 |
abduction and adduction—254–5, 256 |
subjective examination—340 |
malleolus—385, 386 |
extension—254, 255 |
tests for joint effusion—376 |
mallet finger—249 |
thumb—259, 259 |
tests for meniscal damage—371, 373 |
mandible |
flexion—253–4, 255 |
trigger points—353, 353, 354 |
active movements |
thumb—258–9, 259 |
posture examination—19–20, 432 |
lateral deviation—91–2, 92 |
palpation—246, 246 |
anterior view—23, 23–5, 24, 25 |
mouth closing—90 |
traction—261, 261 |
lateral view—26 |
mouth opening—89–90, 91 |
ulnar glide—261, 262 |
posterior view—19, 19–20, 20 |
protrusion—90–1, 92 |
metatarsal heads—398, 398 |
sitting—29 |
measurement—93, 93 |
metatarsals—381, 381, 384 |
lower lateral cutaneous nerve—184 |
palpation—86, 86 |
fifth—393, 394 |
lumbar plexus—120, 120–1 |
manual muscle testing—31 |
first metatarsal joint—386, 387 |
lumbar spine—35 |
marching (Gillet; stork) test—115–16, 116 |
mobility testing—410, 410 |
capsular pattern—109, 112 |
marrow cavity (medullary canal)—6 |
metatarsophalangeal joint |
lumbosacral disc herniation—131, 131, |
masseter—87, 87, 95 |
first, traction—411, 411 |
132 |
trigger points—89 |
palpation—386, 387 |
lumbosacral plexus—121, 121, 122 |
mastoid process—41, 42 |
microfibrils—5 |
lumbosacral spine—97–139 |
medial border of scapula—151–2, 152 |
microfractures—7 |
active movement testing—106, 110, |
medial collateral (deltoid) ligament—386, |
midabdominal skin reflex—130, 130 |
110–11 |
388, 388 |
midcarpal joint traction—260, 260 |
dermatomes—124, 125, 126 |
medial collateral ligament, elbow—196, |
middle compartment of hand—238–9 |
femoral stretch test—133, 135 |
201, 203, 336, 337, 337, 346–7, |
midfoot—381, 382 |
Hoover test—133 |
347 |
mobility testing |
mobility testing—112, 112–15 |
medial compartment of hand—237–8 |
ankle and foot—407–11 |
neoplasms—98 |
medial cutaneous nerve—184 |
central posteroanterior spring on spinous |
neurological examination—120–31 |
medial epicondyle—201, 202, 206 |
process—113–14, 114 |
L1 root level—122, 124 |
medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow)—201 |
cervical and thoracic spine—62–5, 63, 64 |
L2 root level—122, 124 |
test—229, 230 |
elbow—211–15 |
459
Index
mobility testing (cont.): |
nerve compression—447 |
patient history—16, 17, 18 |
hip—312 |
nerve stretch testing—32 |
resisted movement testing—30 |
knee—356–9 |
neurofibromatosis—98 |
sprain—8–9, 10 |
lumbosacral spine—112, 112–15 |
neurological examination—31 |
palm—236–41, 237 |
shoulder—167–70, 168, 169, 170 |
ankle and foot—417–21, 419 |
palmar aponeurosis—239 |
temporomandibular joint—94 |
cervical spine—68–78 |
palmar glide of metacarpals—260–1, 261 |
wrist and hand—259–61 |
brachial pelxus—68–9 |
palmar interossei—269, 269 |
modified Helfet test—373, 376 |
root level determination—70, 72–8 |
palmaris longus—202, 238, 239 |
moment—434, 438 |
upper limb extension test—68–9 |
palpatory examination—32 |
Monteggia fracture—196 |
elbow—220–8, 221 |
ankle and foot—385–401 |
Morton’s neuroma—425, 425–6 |
entrapment neuropathies—223–8 |
dorsal aspects—390–2 |
Morton’s toe—399, 399 |
hip—324–7, 325 |
lateral aspect—393–5 |
Moulder’s click—426 |
knee—365, 365–7 |
medial aspect—385–90 |
mouth closure—90 |
lumbosacral spine—120–31 |
plantar surface—397–9 |
jaw jerk reflex—95, 95 |
L1 root level—122, 124 |
posterior aspect—395–7 |
mouth opening—89–90, 91 |
L2 root level—122, 124 |
toes—399–401 |
movement diagram—29, 30 |
L3 root level—125, 125, 127 |
cervical and thoracic spine—39–56 |
lumbosacral spine active movement— |
L4 root level—126, 127 |
anterior bony structures—49–54 |
110, 111 |
L5 root level—127, 128 |
anterior soft-tissue structures—54–6 |
movement testing |
lumbar plexus—120, 120–1 |
posterior bony structures—41–6 |
active—29 |
lumbosacral plexus—121, 121, 122 |
posterior soft-tissue structures—47–9 |
passive—29–30 |
S1 root level—127, 129 |
elbow—198, 200–7 |
mobility (acccessory)—31 |
S2–S4 root levels—127 |
anterior aspect—200–1 |
resisted—30–1 |
shoulder—181–2, 182 |
lateral aspect—202, 204 |
multidirectional instability test—188, 188 |
wrist and hand—279, 279–83 |
medial aspect—201–2 |
multifidi—108, 118 |
neurological tests, ankle and foot—421–3 |
posterior aspect—205–7 |
muscle tendon injury—446 |
noninflammatory joint disease—447 |
hip—296–302 |
muscle testing |
normal gait—437, 437–40, 438 |
bony structures—296–8, 300–1 |
L1 root level—122 |
Noyes test—371 |
soft-tissue structures—298–300, 301–2 |
L2 root level—122, 124 |
|
knee—341–53 |
L3 root level—125, 125 |
Ober’s test—328, 328 |
anterior aspect—341–5 |
L4 root level—126, 127 |
observation—16 |
lateral aspect—347–51 |
L5 root level—127, 128 |
abnormal gait—440, 441 |
medial aspect—345–7 |
S1 root level—127, 129 |
ankle and foot—384 |
posterior aspect—351–3 |
S2–S4 root levels—127 |
cervical and thoracic spine—37–8 |
lumbosacral spine—98–106 |
muscles—10, 10–12, 11, 12 |
elbow—197–8 |
anterior bony structures—104 |
ankle and foot—419 |
hip—295 |
anterior soft-tissue structures—105 |
elbow—221 |
knee—339–40 |
posterior bony structures—98–101 |
fascicle arrangements—12 |
lumbosacral spine—97 |
posterior soft-tissue structures—101–2 |
fiber types—11, 12 |
posture—18–19 |
side-lying soft-tissue structures—104 |
hand and wrist—279 |
shoulder—145 |
shoulder—146–56 |
hip—325 |
temporomandibular joint—83–4 |
anterior bony structures—146–9 |
knee—365 |
wrist and hand—235 |
anterior soft-tissue structures—149–51 |
shoulder—182 |
obturator externus—319, 322 |
lateral soft-tissue structures—154–6 |
musculocutaneous nerve—181 |
obturator internus—319, 322 |
medial soft-tissue structures—153–4 |
musculoskeletal system |
occiput—41, 41 |
posterior bony structures—151–3 |
components—5–14 |
occlusive arterial disease—388 |
posterior soft-tissue structures— |
bone—6–7, 7 |
odontoid—34, 35 |
151–3, 154–6 |
cartilage—7–8, 8 |
olecranon—205, 206 |
temporomandibular joint |
fascia—14 |
olecranon bursa—13, 196, 199, 206, 207 |
anterior aspect—86–7 |
ligaments—8, 8–10, 9 |
olecranon fossa—205, 206 |
posterior aspect—85–6 |
muscle—10, 10–12, 11, 12 |
Oppenheim’s test—423, 423 |
wrist and hand—236–50 |
synovium and bursae—13, 13–14 |
opponens digiti minimi—278, 278 |
dorsal aspect—244–50 |
tendons—13, 13 |
opponens pollicis—278, 278 |
palmar aspect—236–41 |
function—2–4 |
opposition—258, 258, 278, 278–9 |
radial aspect—242–4 |
musculotendinous junction—13 |
Osgood–Schlatter disease—344 |
ulnar aspect—241–2 |
myofascial pain of shoulder girdle—156 |
Osler’s nodes—241 |
Pancoast’s tumour—193 |
myofibril—11 |
osteoarthritis—4, 5, 9 |
paradigms—3, 4–5, 5 |
myosin—11 |
cervical spine—35 |
carpal tunnel syndrome—236 |
|
hip—295, 443 |
chronic impingement syndrome of the |
nails—23, 247 |
knee—338 |
shoulder—146 |
Nakajima test—371 |
overbite measurement—92, 93 |
congenital hip dysplasia—295 |
narrow walking base—438 |
overjet measurement—92–3, 93 |
herniated cervical disc—39 |
navicular (scaphoid)—234, 242, 243, 381, |
overuse syndrome of foot and ankle—385 |
inflammatory disease of the elbow—200 |
382 |
|
knee ligament injury—341 |
navicular tubercle—386, 386 |
pain |
neoplasm of the lumbar spine—98 |
neck, anterior-posterior relationships—37, |
inflammatory—3 |
overuse syndrome of the foot and |
37 |
mechanical overload—7 |
ankle—385 |
neoplasm—447 |
passive movement testing—30 |
temporomandibular joint syndrome—85 |
460
Index
parotid gland—56, 56 |
pes cavus—19, 23, 27 |
posterior thorax—37 |
parson’s knee—345 |
pes planus (flat foot)—19, 23, 24, 27, 426, |
posterior tibial artery—388, 389 |
passive movement testing—29–30, 31 |
426 |
posterior tibial nerve |
ankle and foot—401, 403–11 |
phalanges of foot—381, 381, 383, 384 |
entrapment—422, 423 |
cervical and thoracic spine—62–5, 63, 64 |
Phalen’s test—282, 283 |
palpation—388, 389 |
elbow—208–15 |
physical examination—16–32 |
posterior tibial pulse—388, 389 |
hip—305–12 |
definition—2 |
posteroanterior central pressure on spinous |
knee—354–9 |
objective—18–32 |
process—64, 64 |
lumbosacral spine—111–17 |
observations—16 |
posteroanterior spring |
shoulder—164, 164–70, 165, 166, 167 |
purpose—2 |
sacrum—117 |
temporomandibular joint—93–4 |
subjective—16–18 |
spinous process—113–14, 114 |
wrist and hand—251–61 |
physiological movements |
transverse process—114, 114 |
accessory movements—259–61 |
ankle and foot—401, 403–7 |
posteroanterior unilateral pressure on |
fingers—253–9 |
cervical and thoracic spine—62 |
transverse process—64–5, 65 |
radial deviation—253, 253 |
elbow—210–11 |
posterolateral disc herniation—132 |
ulnar deviation—253, 254 |
hip—307–11 |
postfixed brachial plexus—68 |
wrist extension—251, 252 |
knee—355–6 |
posture examination—18–19 |
wrist flexion—251, 252 |
lumbosacral spine—112 |
anterior view—23, 23–5 |
patella—336–7, 337, 338 |
shoulder—164, 164–7, 165, 166, 167 |
head position—22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 37 |
mobility testing—359, 361, 362 |
temporomandibular joint—94 |
hip—19, 25 |
palpation—341, 342, 343, 343 |
wrist and hand—251–9 |
lateral view—26, 26–9, 27, 28, 29 |
Q angle—339, 340 |
pinch evaluation—289, 290 |
posterior view—19, 19–22, 20 |
squinting—24, 25, 333 |
pinprick test—31 |
sitting—29 |
patella alta—341, 342 |
piriformis—317, 319, 322 |
thorax—23, 25 |
patella baja—341, 342 |
palpation—104, 104, 301–2, 302 |
upper extremity—22 |
patella-nail syndrome—247 |
trigger points—303 |
prefixed brachial plexus—68 |
patellar ligament—344, 345 |
piriformis test—322, 323 |
Preiser’s disease—242 |
patellofemoral arthritis (Waldron) test— |
pisiform—241, 242 |
primary toe-strike—442 |
373 |
pivot shift (Macintosh) test—338, 369, |
pronation |
patellofemoral articulation—336, 336 |
370, 371 |
elbow—196, 198, 208, 210–11, 211, 221 |
patellofemoral compression syndrome— |
plantar aponeurosis—398–9, 399 |
foot—381, 383, 435, 435 |
341 |
plantar fascia—398–9, 399 |
forearm—217, 219, 219 |
patellofemoral joint tests—373 |
plantar flexion—400, 401, 419 |
pronator quadratus muscle—217, 219 |
pathological limit—29 |
ankle—411, 411–12, 412 |
pronator teres—202, 217, 219 |
pathological reflex testing—32 |
active—400, 401, 402 |
pronator teres syndrome—224–5, 226, 227 |
patient history see subjective examination |
passive—403, 403 |
prone knee bending (femoral nerve) test— |
Patrick’s (Fabere) test—136, 137, 330, 331 |
gait—438 |
32 |
pectineus—319 |
plantar glide |
protraction, scapular—179, 179–80, 180, |
pectoralis major—173, 175, 175 |
cuboid-metatarsal joint—408–9, 409 |
181 |
palpation—150, 151 |
first cuneiform-metatarsal joint—410, |
muscles, innervation and root level—182 |
trigger points—161 |
410 |
proximal digital crease—237 |
pectoralis major jerk test—181, 181 |
metatarsals—410, 410 |
proximal interphalangeal crease—237 |
pectoralis minor—192 |
plantar reflex—127 |
proximal interphalangeal joints |
pectus carinatum—25 |
plantar surface |
extension—256, 257 |
pectus excavatum—25 |
innervation—421 |
flexion—255–6, 257, 266, 267, 268, 268 |
Pellegrini-Stieda disease—347 |
palpation—397–9 |
traction—261, 261 |
pelvis—434 |
plates (volar ligaments)—384 |
proximal palmar (flexion) crease—237 |
gait—438 |
platysma—53, 147 |
proximal radioulnar joint—196 |
overview—34–5 |
plicae—343 |
proximal wrist crease—237 |
posture examination—20, 23, 26, 27 |
tests—373 |
psoas—313, 314 |
radiological views—333 |
Plummer-Vinson syndrome—247 |
palpation—105–6, 106 |
perichondrium—14 |
poliomyelitis—440, 443 |
trigger points—304 |
perimysium—11, 14 |
popliteal artery—352 |
psoriasis—247 |
periosteum—6, 9, 14 |
popliteal fossa—352, 352 |
pterygoid muscles—86–7, 87, 95 |
peripheral nerves |
popliteal nerve—352 |
pubic tubercles—104, 105, 297, 297 |
hip—326 |
popliteal pulse—352 |
pump bump—397 |
leg—367 |
popliteal vein—352 |
|
lower leg and foot—420 |
popliteus—349, 362, 364, 365 |
Q angle—339, 340, 340, 435, 436, 436 |
upper arm and forearm—224, 225 |
posterior cruciate ligament—336, 337, |
measurement—343, 343 |
wrist and hand—280, 281 |
337, 338 |
quadratus femoris—322 |
peritendon (tendon sheath)—13 |
posterior cutaneous nerve of arm—184 |
quadratus lumborus—102, 103 |
peroneal nerve—133 |
posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm—184 |
quadriceps—364 |
peroneal nerve compression—421, 422 |
posterior drawer test—187, 187, 358, 358 |
extension movement—439 |
peroneus brevis—415, 415 |
posterior glide of tibia—357–8, 358 |
flexibility testing—368, 369 |
peroneus brevis tendon—395, 395 |
posterior interosseous nerve syndrome |
palpation—344 |
peroneus longus—415, 415 |
(supinator syndrome)—228, 229 |
thigh girth measurement—344 |
peroneus longus tendon—395, 395 |
posterior superior iliac spine—99, 100, |
trigger points—354 |
peroneus tubercle—393, 394 |
300, 301 |
weakness—443, 444 |
pes anserinus—347, 348 |
posterior talofibular ligament—395 |
quadriceps reflex—125, 126, 127 |
461
Index
radial artery—239 |
elbow—215–20 |
sacral sulcus—100 |
radial compartment of hand—239–41 |
hip—313–24 |
sacroiliac distraction test—136, 137 |
radial deviation |
knee—359–65 |
sacroiliac joint |
hand—250 |
lumbosacral spine—117–20, 118, 119 |
examination—115, 115–17 |
wrist—253, 253 |
shoulder—170–80 |
palpation—99–100, 100, 300, 301 |
radial head |
abduction—172–3, 173 |
tests—136, 136–7, 137 |
palpation—204, 204 |
adduction—173–5, 175 |
Patrick’s (Fabere) test—330, 331 |
ventral and dorsal glide—215, 215 |
extension—172, 172 |
sacrospinalis muscle (erector spinae)—102, |
radial longitudinal (thenar) crease—237 |
flexion—170–2, 171 |
102 |
radial nerve |
lateral (external) rotation—176–7, |
sacrotuberous ligament—102, 103 |
entrapment at elbow—228, 229 |
177 |
sacrum—35, 116, 117 |
stretch test—69, 71 |
medial (internal) rotation—175, |
posteroanterior spring—117, 117 |
radial pulse—239 |
175–6, 176 |
saphenous vein—389–90, 390 |
radiculopathy—447 |
scapular elevation—177–8, 178 |
sarcomere—11 |
radiocarpal joint, traction—260, 260 |
scapular protraction—179–80, 180, |
sartorius—300, 300, 313, 347, 362, 364, |
radiological views |
181 |
365 |
ankle and foot—427, 430, 431, 432 |
scapular retraction—178–9, 179 |
Saturday night palsy—228, 229 |
cervical spine—80, 81, 81 |
temporomandibular joint—94–5 |
scaleni muscles—38 |
elbow—231, 232, 232 |
wrist and hand—262–79 |
palpation—55, 55 |
hip—333, 333, 334 |
distal interphalangeal joint flexion— |
trigger points—56, 58 |
knee—377, 378, 378 |
266, 266 |
scaphoid (navicular)—234, 242, 243, 381, |
lumbosacral spine—137, 138, 139 |
fingers extension—268, 268–9, 269 |
382 |
shoulder—193, 194 |
interossei—269, 269–70, 270 |
scaphoid-lunate dissociation (Watson) |
wrist and hand—291 |
proximal interphalangeal joint |
test—287, 288, 289 |
radioulnar joint—196 |
flexion—266, 267, 268, 268 |
scapula—141, 143 |
radius—196, 260 |
thumb—273–9 |
abducted—22, 22 |
dorsal tubercle (Lister’s tubercle)—244, |
wrist extension—263–5, 265 |
elevation—177–8, 178, 182 |
245 |
wrist flexion—262–3, 263, 264 |
lateral border—152, 153 |
fracture—196 |
retinacular test—287, 287 |
medial (vertebral) border—46–7, 48, |
styloid process—242, 243 |
retraction, scapular—178, 178–9, 179 |
151–2, 152 |
ventral and dorsal glide—215, 215 |
muscles, innervation and root level—182 |
mobility testing—169–70, 170 |
range of motion—448–9 |
retrocalcaneal bursa—396, 397 |
palpation—46–7 |
abnormal gait |
retrocalcaneal bursitis—412 |
posture examination—19, 22, 22, 25 |
foot and ankle—441–2 |
reverse Lachman test—369, 370 |
protraction—179, 179–80, 180, 181, |
hip—444 |
rheumatoid arthritis—4, 240, 384 |
182 |
knee—443 |
rhomboideus muscles—153, 153, 178, 178 |
retraction—178, 178–9, 179, 182 |
active movement testing—29 |
trigger points—160 |
spine—46, 47, 151, 152 |
rectus abdominis—105, 106, 107, 117, |
ribs—54, 54 |
winged—22, 22 |
118, 118 |
first—53, 54, 192 |
scapulohumeral rhythm—143, 162 |
rectus femoris—313, 364, 364 |
ventral-caudal glide—65, 66 |
scapulothoracic articulation—143 |
referred pain patterns |
rigid flat foot—426, 426 |
Schober test—110 |
abdominal region/lumbosacral spine— |
Rockwood (anterior instability) test—184, |
sciatic nerve—104, 104, 302, 302 |
107, 108, 109 |
186 |
sciatica—302, 435 |
ankle and foot—421, 421 |
Roos test—193, 193 |
scoliosis—20, 21, 25 |
cervical spine—79, 80 |
root levels |
scratch test—32 |
elbow—229, 231 |
ankle and foot—419 |
semimembranosus—323, 352, 362, 363 |
hip—327 |
elbow—221 |
semispinalis capitis—48 |
knee—368, 368 |
hand and wrist—279 |
semispinalis cervicis—48 |
shoulder—193, 194 |
hip—325 |
semispinalis muscles—118 |
temporomandibular joint—83 |
knee—365 |
semitendinosus—323, 347, 362, 363 |
wrist and hand—289, 290 |
shoulder—182 |
trigger points—353 |
reflex sympathetic dystrophy—448 |
rotation |
sensation testing—31 |
reflexes |
cervical spine—60–1, 61 |
ankle and foot—418, 421 |
ankle and foot—418 |
active—60–1, 61 |
elbow—223, 224, 225 |
elbow—221–3 |
intervertebral mobility testing—63, 64 |
hip—324–5, 326 |
jaw jerk—95, 95 |
knee—365 |
knee—367 |
knee—366–7 |
passive movement testing—356, 356 |
L1 root level—122, 124 |
L1 root level—122 |
resistive testing—364–5, 365 |
L2 root level—122, 124 |
L2 root level—122 |
lumbosacral spine—110, 111 |
L3 root level—125, 125 |
L3 root level—125, 127 |
pelvic—20, 438, 439 |
L4 root level—126, 127 |
L4 root level—126, 127 |
trunk—118, 118–19 |
S1 root level—127, 129 |
L5 root level—127 |
rotator cuff—143–4, 154–5, 155 |
S2–S4 root levels—127 |
S1 root level—127, 129 |
rotatores—118 |
shoulder—181–2, 183, 184 |
shoulder—181 |
rounded shoulder—28, 29 |
wrist and hand—280, 280, 281 |
superficial—127 |
rounded thoracic kyphosis—29 |
serratus anterior—154, 155, 179, 179 |
relocation test—185 |
|
sesamoid bones—398, 398 |
resistive testing—30–1 |
S1 root level—127 |
shear test, acromioclavicular joint—189, |
ankle and foot—411–17 |
S2–S4 root levels—127 |
189 |
cervical and thoracic spine—65–8 |
sacral base—100, 100 |
shin splints—413, 415, 435 |
462
Index
shoulder—141, 143–94 |
side bending |
cervical spine |
acromioclavicular shear test—189, |
cervical and thoracic spine—60, 61, |
axis (C2)—43, 43 |
189 |
62–3, 63 |
C3–C6—43, 44 |
active movement testing—156, 162, |
intervertebral mobility testing—62–3, 63 |
C7—43, 43 |
162–3, 163 |
lumbosacral spine—110, 111, 113, 113 |
lumbar spine—98–9, 99 |
Adson’s maneuver—191, 193 |
sinus tarsi—390–1, 391 |
palpation—43, 44, 45–6, 46 |
anterior instability (Rockwood) test— |
SIT muscles—154 |
posteroanterior central pressure (ventral |
184, 186 |
sitting forward-flexion test—116–17, 117 |
glide)—64, 64 |
clunk test—188, 188 |
sitting posture—29 |
thoracic spine—45–6, 46 |
cross-flexion test—189, 189 |
skeletal muscle—10, 10–12, 11, 12 |
T1—43 |
dermatomes—181, 183 |
skier’s thumb—261 |
transverse pressure—65, 66, 114, 115 |
dislocation—181 |
skin rolling—32 |
splenius capitis trigger points—57 |
apprehension (Crank) test—184–5, |
skull—38 |
spondylosis test—137, 137 |
187 |
Slocum test—371, 372 |
sprain—9, 10 |
drop arm test—190, 191 |
slow-twitch fiber—11, 12 |
Sprengel’s deformity—22, 23 |
flexion—170–2, 171 |
slump test—32, 133, 134 |
spring (calcaneonavicular) ligament—381, |
functional anatomy—143, 143–5 |
snapping shoulder—151 |
383 |
Hawkins supraspinatus impingement |
soft-tissue structures palpation |
Spurling test—78, 78–9 |
test—190–1, 191 |
ankle and foot |
squinting patella—24, 25, 333, 341, 342 |
impingement syndromes—144–5, 146 |
lateral—393–5 |
stability and structural integrity tests |
inferior instability and multidirectional |
medial—386, 388–90 |
hip—328, 330–1 |
instability test—188, 188 |
plantar surface—398–9 |
knee—368–71 |
innervation—184 |
posterior—397 |
stance phase—438 |
lateral (external) rotation—176–7, 177 |
cervical and thoracic spine |
standing forward-bending test—115, 115 |
medial (internal) rotation—175, 175–6, |
anterior—54–6 |
step length—438 |
176 |
posterior—47–9 |
steppage gait—413, 441, 441 |
mobility testing—167–70, 168, 169, |
elbow |
sternal angle (angle of Louis)—51, 53 |
170 |
anterior—200–1 |
sternoclavicular joint—141, 143 |
neurological examination—181–2 |
lateral—204–5 |
mobility testing—168–9, 169 |
motor—181, 182 |
medial—201–2 |
palpation—51, 53, 147, 147 |
sensation—181–2, 183, 184 |
posterior—206–7 |
sternocleidomastoid—38, 149–50, 150 |
observation—145 |
hip—298–300, 301–2 |
palpation—54–5, 55 |
palpatory examination—146–56 |
knee |
resistive testing—67, 67 |
anterior bony structures—146–9 |
anterior—344–5 |
trigger points—56, 58 |
anterior soft-tissue structures— |
lateral—350–1 |
stork (Gillet; marching) test—115–16, 116 |
149–51 |
medial—346–7 |
straight-leg raise test—32, 131–3, 132 |
lateral soft-tissue structures—154–6 |
posterior—351–3 |
strain—9, 12 |
medial soft-tissue structures—153–4 |
lumbosacral spine |
stress fracture—7 |
posterior bony structures—151–3 |
anterior—105–6, 106 |
lower leg and foot—425 |
posterior soft-tissue structures— |
posterior—101–2, 102, 103 |
stretch (deep tendon) reflexes—31 |
151–3, 154–6 |
side-lying—104, 104 |
stride length—438 |
passive movement testing—164, 164–70, |
shoulder |
structural integrity tests—29 |
165, 166, 167 |
anterior—149–51 |
ankle and foot—423–6 |
posterior drawer test—187, 187 |
lateral—154–6 |
hip—328, 330–1 |
posture examination—19, 22, 22, 23, 25, |
medial—153–4 |
knee—368–71 |
26 |
posterior—151–3, 154–6 |
posture—18–19 |
radiological views—193, 194 |
temporomandibular joint—85–7 |
student’s elbow—206 |
referred pain patterns—193, 194 |
wrist and hand |
subacromial bursa—144, 155–6, 156 |
reflexes—181 |
dorsal—247–50 |
subacromial space—144, 145 |
relocation test—185 |
palmar—237–41 |
subacute bacterial endocarditis—241 |
resistive testing—170–80, 171 |
radial—244 |
subdeltoid (subacromial) bursa—144, |
abduction—172–3, 173, 174 |
ulnar—242 |
155–6, 156 |
adduction—173–5, 175 |
soleus—411, 411 |
subjective examination—16–18 |
extension—172, 172 |
Speed’s test of biceps—189, 190 |
ankle and foot—384–5 |
Roos test—193, 193 |
spina bifida occulta—39, 98 |
cervical and thoracic spine—38–9 |
rounded—28, 29 |
spinal accessory nerve injury—182 |
elbow—198 |
scapular elevation—177–8, 178 |
spinalis thoracis—119 |
hip—295 |
scapular protraction—179, 179–80, |
spine |
knee—340 |
180, 181 |
cervical see cervical spine |
lumbosacral spine—97 |
scapular retraction—178, 178–9, 179 |
compression and distraction—32 |
questions—18 |
Speed’s test of biceps—189, 190 |
lumbosacral see lumbosacral spine |
shoulder—145–6 |
subjective examination—145–6 |
overview—34–5 |
temporomandibular joint—84 |
supraspinatus test—191, 192 |
posture examination—19, 20, 22, 22, 23, |
wrist and hand—235–6 |
trigger points—156, 157, 158, 159, 160, |
26, 27 |
suboccipital muscles |
161 |
scapular—46, 47, 151, 152 |
palpation—48, 49 |
Wright’s maneuver—191, 193 |
thoracic see thoracic spine |
trigger points—57, 59 |
Yergason’s test of biceps—189, 190 |
spinous process—34 |
subscapularis—175 |
shoulder shrug (scapular elevation)— |
central posteroanterior spring—113–14, |
trigger points—160 |
177–8, 178 |
114 |
subscapularis tendon—143 |
463
Index
subserous fascia—14 |
mandibular measurements—93, 93 |
interphalangeal joint |
subtalar eversion—415, 416 |
observation—83–4 |
extension—259, 259 |
passive—404–5, 405 |
overbite measurement—92, 93 |
flexion—259, 259 |
subtalar inversion—413, 414, 415, 415 |
overjet measurement—92–3, 93 |
metacarpophalangeal joint—234 |
passive—404, 405 |
palpation—85–7 |
extension—259, 259 |
subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint—381, 383 |
anterior aspect—86–7 |
flexion—258–9, 259 |
traction—408, 409 |
bony structures—85, 86 |
ulnar glide—261, 262 |
sulcus sign—188 |
posterior aspect—85–6 |
opposition—258, 258, 278, 278–9 |
superficial fascia—14 |
soft-tissue structures—85–7 |
resistive testing—273–9 |
superficial reflexes—127 |
passive movement testing—93–4 |
thyroid cartilage—51, 51 |
superior iliac spine (anterior) |
mobility testing—94, 94 |
tibia—336, 380 |
palpation—104, 105, 296, 297 |
physiological movements—94 |
medial and lateral glide—359, 361 |
test for true leg length—331 |
referred pain patterns—83 |
posterior glide—357–8, 358 |
superior nuchal line—40, 41 |
reflex testing—95, 95 |
ventral glide—342, 357 |
superior tibiofibular joint—407, 408 |
resistive testing—94–5 |
tibial nerve—132 |
supination |
subjective examination—84 |
tibial torsion—427, 429, 430 |
elbow—196, 198, 208, 211, 211 |
trigger points—87–8, 88, 89 |
tibial tuberosity—344, 344 |
forearm—219–20, 220 |
temporomandibular joint syndrome—85 |
tibialis anterior—413, 413 |
supinator muscles—219, 220 |
tendinitis—5, 13 |
tibialis anterior tendon—391, 391 |
supinator syndrome (posterior interosseous |
tendocalcaneus see Achilles tendon |
tibialis posterior—388, 388, 389, 389, 413, |
nerve syndrome)—228, 229 |
tendon—13 |
414 |
supraclavicular lymph nodes—53, 55, |
tendon sheath (peritendon)—13 |
tibiofemoral joint—336 |
147–8 |
tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)—202 |
tibiofibular joint—407, 408 |
supraclavicular nerve—184, 185 |
tennis elbow test—228–9, 230 |
Tinel’s sign—227, 228, 280, 282, 367, 368, |
supracondylar ridge—200, 201, 202, 203 |
tenosynovitis, hand and wrist—284, 285, |
421 |
suprahyoid muscle—87, 88 |
285 |
toe-strike—442 |
suprascapular nerve—181 |
tensor fasciae latae—293, 313, 318, 323, |
toeing-in—427, 429 |
supraspinatus (empty can) test—191, 192 |
323, 364 |
toes |
supraspinatus muscle trigger points—157 |
trigger points—304 |
extension—417, 417, 418, 419 |
supraspinatus tendon—143, 144, 151 |
teres major—172, 172, 175 |
flexion—415, 416, 417, 419 |
palpation—154–5, 156 |
teres minor—143, 176, 177 |
resistive—411 |
tests for impingement—190–1, 191 |
thenar crease—237 |
palpatory examination—399–401 |
supraspinous ligament—101–2, 102 |
thenar eminence—239–40 |
tongue position—93, 94 |
suprasternal notch—51, 53, 146–7, 147 |
thigh girth measurement—344, 344 |
torsion, tibial—427, 429, 430 |
sustentaculum tali—385–6, 386 |
Thomas test—19, 327, 327–8 |
torticollis—25, 26 |
swallowing—93 |
Thompson test—423, 424 |
tourniquet test—280, 282 |
swan neck deformity—240 |
thoracic dermatomes—78 |
trabecular (cancellous) bone—6, 7 |
sway back deformity—27, 28 |
thoracic outlet—192 |
traction |
swing phase—438 |
thoracic outlet syndrome—55, 191, 193, |
cervical—64, 64 |
synergists—11 |
193 |
elbow—211, 212 |
synovial joint—7, 9, 13 |
thoracic spine—23, 35, 37, 37–81 |
first carpometacarpal joint—261, 262 |
synovitis—14 |
active movement testing—57, 62 |
first metatarsophalangeal joint—411, |
synovium—13–14 |
distraction test—79 |
411 |
|
Lhermitte’s sign—79, 79 |
hip—312, 313 |
T1 nerve root level—68 |
neurological examination—73, 77, 78 |
humeroradial joint—213, 214, 215 |
evaluation—73, 77 |
observation—37–8 |
knee—357, 357 |
T1 spinous process—43 |
palpation—45–56, 46, 47 |
midcarpal joint—260, 260 |
T2–T12 nerve root level evaluation—78 |
anterior bony structures—49–54 |
radiocarpal joint—260, 260 |
talipes equinus deformity—441, 442, 443 |
anterior soft-tissue structures—54–6 |
shoulder—167, 168 |
talocalcaneal joint see subtalar joint |
posterior bony structures—45–7 |
subtalar joint—408, 409 |
talocrural joint—408, 409 |
posterior soft-tissue structures—47–9 |
talocrural joint—408, 409 |
talus—380–1, 382, 434, 434–5 |
passive movement testing—63, 63–4, |
transmalleolar axis—380, 380 |
palpation—390, 390 |
64 |
transverse arch of foot—381, 382, 398, |
pronation—381, 383, 435, 435 |
resistive testing—65–8 |
399 |
tardy ulnar palsy—202 |
spinous processes—45–6, 46 |
transverse (distal palmar) crease—237 |
tarsal tunnel—389 |
Spurling test—78, 78–9 |
transverse pressure on spinous process— |
tarsal tunnel syndrome—389, 423 |
subjective examination—38–9 |
65, 114, 115 |
teeth examination—86 |
vertebral artery test—79, 80 |
transverse process—34 |
temporalis—86, 86, 95 |
thoracic vertebrae—35 |
cervical spine—45, 45 |
temporomandibular joint—83–95 |
thumb |
lumbar spine—99, 99 |
active movement testing—88–93 |
abduction—274–5, 275, 276, 279 |
posteroanterior spring—114, 114 |
closing mouth—90 |
active movement testing—250–1 |
thoracic spine—46, 47 |
lateral mandibular deviation—91–2, |
adduction—275–6, 277, 279 |
trapezius—177, 178, 178, 242, 243 |
92 |
carpometacarpal joint |
palpation—47, 48, 150, 150 |
opening mouth—89–90, 91 |
abduction and adduction—256, 258, |
trigger points—56, 56, 57 |
protrusion of mandible—90–1, 92 |
258 |
trapezoid—242, 243 |
swallowing—93 |
traction—261, 262 |
Trendelenburg gait—319, 437, 444, 445 |
freeway space assessment—92, 92 |
extension—273, 273–4, 274, 279 |
compensated—443, 444 |
functional anatomy—83 |
flexion—279 |
Trendelenburg test—294, 328, 330 |
464