Добавил:
Upload
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Политология / группы интеесов
.txt яю@C??K 8=B5@5A>2 MB> >1J548=5=8O 8=48284>2 =0 >A=>25 >1I8E 8=B5@5A>2,
AB@5<OI85AO >:070BL 2;8O=85 =0 ?>;8B8G5A:85 8=AB8BCBK 2 F5;OE ?@8=OB8O =08-
1>;55 1;03>?@8OB=KE 8 2K3>4=KE 4;O A51O @5H5=89.
"5>@8O 3@C?? 8=B5@5A>2 1K;0 2?5@2K5 AD>@<C;8@>20=0 0<5@8:0=A:8< ?>;8-
B>;>3>< . 5=B;8, :>B>@K9 CB25@640;, GB> >A=>2C ?>;8B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 A>-
AB02;ONB AB>;:=>25=85 8 2708<>459AB285 708=B5@5A>20==KE 3@C??. 5OB5;L=>ABL
MB8E 3@C?? 0<5@8:0=A:89 CG5=K9 @0AA<0B@820; :0: ?>AB>O==> 87<5=ONI89AO
?@>F5AA, 2 E>45 :>B>@>3> >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 402;5=85 =0 ?@028B5;LAB2> A F5;LN ?@8-
=C48BL 53> ?>4G8=8BLAO 8E 2>;5. 40;L=59H5< 40==K9 ?>4E>4 ?>;CG8; ?>445@6-
:C 8 1K; @0728B 2 B@C40E . 0;O, . AB>=0, . 0A:8 8 4@.
A=>2=K<8 DC=:F8O<8 3@C?? 8=B5@5A>2 O2;ONBAO 0@B8:C;OF8O 8 03@538@>20-
=85 8=B5@5A>2, ?>;8B8G5A:0O :><<C=8:0F8O, @5:@CB0F8O.
!CI5AB2CNB @07;8G=K5 B8?>;>3870F88 3@C?? 8=B5@5A>2. <5@8:0=A:85 ?>;8-
B>;>38 . ;<>=4 8 . 0CM;; 2K45;ONB 8=AB8BCF8>=0;L=K5 8 =58=AB8BCF8>=0;L-
=K5 ( =5C?>@O4>G5==K5) 3@C??K 8=B5@5A>2. =AB8BCF8>=0;L=K5 3@C??K 8=B5@5A>2
E>@>H> >@30=87>20=K, 4>;3>2@5<5==K, ?@5A;54CNB @0F8>=0;L=> AD>@<C;8@>-
20==K5 8=B5@5AK 8 459AB2CNB =0 >A=>25 >?@545;5==KE ?@028;. -DD5:B82=>ABL
45OB5;L=>AB8 B0:8E 3@C?? <>65B 1KBL 4>AB0B>G=> 2KA>:>9. @C??K 65, >B=>AO-
I85AO :> 2B>@><C B8?C, 2>7=8:0NB, :0: ?@028;>, A?>=B0==>, ?;>E> >@30=87>20=K
8 =54>;3>2@5<5==K. E 45OB5;L=>ABL <>65B ?@8=8<0BL =0A8;LAB25==K5 D>@<K
( <8B8=38, 45<>=AB@0F88, <0AA>2K5 0:F88 ?@>B5AB0 8 =5?>28=>25=8O) . !B5?5=L
2;8OB5;L=>AB8 708=B5@5A>20==KE 3@C?? ?>4>1=>3> @>40 =52KA>:0.
0 >A=>25 E0@0:B5@0 2=CB@83@C??>2KE A2O759 3@C??K 8=B5@5A>2 ?>4@0745;ONB
=0 0AA>F80B82=K5 8 =50AA>F80B82=K5. 5@2K5 E0@0:B5@87CNBAO :0: 4>1@>2>;L-
=K5 >1J548=5=8O, ?@5A;54CNI85 A?5F8D8G5A:85 8=B5@5AK ( ?@54?@8=8<0B5;L-
A:85 >@30=870F88, ?@>DA>N7K, B2>@G5A:85 A>N7K 8 B. ?. ) . 50AA>F80B82=K5 3@C?-
?K 8=B5@5A>2, =0>1>@>B, 8<5NB =54>1@>2>;L=K9 E0@0:B5@ ( B@C4>2K5 :>;;5:B82K,
MB=8G5A:85 >1I=>AB8, :;0=K) , 0 8E 45OB5;L=>ABL <5=55 ?>AB>O==0, =565;8 45O-
B5;L=>ABL 0AA>F80B82=KE.
$@0=FC7A:89 ?>;8B>;>3 . ;>=45;L @0745;O5B 3@C??K 8=B5@5A>2 =0 G5BK@5
B8?0: 1 ) 3@C??K ?> >1KG0N 2>7=8:0NB =0 >A=>25 >1I8==KE, :0AB>2KE, :;0=>2KE
>1I=>AB59. > <=>38E @072820NI8EAO AB@0=0E A>AB02 MB8E 3@C?? >?@545;O5B-
AO =5:>B>@K<8 =0A;54AB25==K<8 D0:B>@0<8 ( ?>;><, @0A>2>9 ?@8=04;56=>ABLN,
=0A;54C5<K< A>F80;L=K< ?>;>65=85<) ; 2 ) 8=AB8BCF8>=0;L=K5 3@C??K >A=>2K-
3 4 4 ;020 1 6 . !>F80;L=K5 >1I=>AB8 :0: ?>;8B8G5A:85 0:B>@K
20NBAO =0 D>@<0;L=KE >@30=870F8OE 2=CB@8 3>AC40@AB25==>3> 0??0@0B0. =8<
<>6=> >B=5AB8 ;>118ABA:85 3@C??8@>2:8 2 ?0@;0<5=B5 8 ?@028B5;LAB25; 3 ) 3@C?-
?K 70I8BK AB@5<OBAO >BAB0820BL 8=B5@5AK A2>8E AB>@>==8:>2. -B8 >1J548=5=8O
?@54AB02;ONB ?@5645 2A53> M:>=><8G5A:85 8 A>F80;L=K5 8=B5@5AK ( 0AA>F80F88
?@>872>48B5;59, 10=:>2A:85 A>N7K, D8=0=A>2>- ?@><KH;5==K5 3@C??K, >1I5AB-
20 70I8BK ?@02 ?>B@518B5;59, ?@>DA>N7K) ; 4 ) 3@C??K ?>445@6:8 >@85=B8@>20=K
=0 AB@>3> >3@0=8G5==K5 F5;8 ( M:>;>38G5A:85 8 0=B82>5==K5 42865=8O, 0AA>F80-
F88 «
AB@5<OI85AO >:070BL 2;8O=85 =0 ?>;8B8G5A:85 8=AB8BCBK 2 F5;OE ?@8=OB8O =08-
1>;55 1;03>?@8OB=KE 8 2K3>4=KE 4;O A51O @5H5=89.
"5>@8O 3@C?? 8=B5@5A>2 1K;0 2?5@2K5 AD>@<C;8@>20=0 0<5@8:0=A:8< ?>;8-
B>;>3>< . 5=B;8, :>B>@K9 CB25@640;, GB> >A=>2C ?>;8B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 A>-
AB02;ONB AB>;:=>25=85 8 2708<>459AB285 708=B5@5A>20==KE 3@C??. 5OB5;L=>ABL
MB8E 3@C?? 0<5@8:0=A:89 CG5=K9 @0AA<0B@820; :0: ?>AB>O==> 87<5=ONI89AO
?@>F5AA, 2 E>45 :>B>@>3> >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 402;5=85 =0 ?@028B5;LAB2> A F5;LN ?@8-
=C48BL 53> ?>4G8=8BLAO 8E 2>;5. 40;L=59H5< 40==K9 ?>4E>4 ?>;CG8; ?>445@6-
:C 8 1K; @0728B 2 B@C40E . 0;O, . AB>=0, . 0A:8 8 4@.
A=>2=K<8 DC=:F8O<8 3@C?? 8=B5@5A>2 O2;ONBAO 0@B8:C;OF8O 8 03@538@>20-
=85 8=B5@5A>2, ?>;8B8G5A:0O :><<C=8:0F8O, @5:@CB0F8O.
!CI5AB2CNB @07;8G=K5 B8?>;>3870F88 3@C?? 8=B5@5A>2. <5@8:0=A:85 ?>;8-
B>;>38 . ;<>=4 8 . 0CM;; 2K45;ONB 8=AB8BCF8>=0;L=K5 8 =58=AB8BCF8>=0;L-
=K5 ( =5C?>@O4>G5==K5) 3@C??K 8=B5@5A>2. =AB8BCF8>=0;L=K5 3@C??K 8=B5@5A>2
E>@>H> >@30=87>20=K, 4>;3>2@5<5==K, ?@5A;54CNB @0F8>=0;L=> AD>@<C;8@>-
20==K5 8=B5@5AK 8 459AB2CNB =0 >A=>25 >?@545;5==KE ?@028;. -DD5:B82=>ABL
45OB5;L=>AB8 B0:8E 3@C?? <>65B 1KBL 4>AB0B>G=> 2KA>:>9. @C??K 65, >B=>AO-
I85AO :> 2B>@><C B8?C, 2>7=8:0NB, :0: ?@028;>, A?>=B0==>, ?;>E> >@30=87>20=K
8 =54>;3>2@5<5==K. E 45OB5;L=>ABL <>65B ?@8=8<0BL =0A8;LAB25==K5 D>@<K
( <8B8=38, 45<>=AB@0F88, <0AA>2K5 0:F88 ?@>B5AB0 8 =5?>28=>25=8O) . !B5?5=L
2;8OB5;L=>AB8 708=B5@5A>20==KE 3@C?? ?>4>1=>3> @>40 =52KA>:0.
0 >A=>25 E0@0:B5@0 2=CB@83@C??>2KE A2O759 3@C??K 8=B5@5A>2 ?>4@0745;ONB
=0 0AA>F80B82=K5 8 =50AA>F80B82=K5. 5@2K5 E0@0:B5@87CNBAO :0: 4>1@>2>;L-
=K5 >1J548=5=8O, ?@5A;54CNI85 A?5F8D8G5A:85 8=B5@5AK ( ?@54?@8=8<0B5;L-
A:85 >@30=870F88, ?@>DA>N7K, B2>@G5A:85 A>N7K 8 B. ?. ) . 50AA>F80B82=K5 3@C?-
?K 8=B5@5A>2, =0>1>@>B, 8<5NB =54>1@>2>;L=K9 E0@0:B5@ ( B@C4>2K5 :>;;5:B82K,
MB=8G5A:85 >1I=>AB8, :;0=K) , 0 8E 45OB5;L=>ABL <5=55 ?>AB>O==0, =565;8 45O-
B5;L=>ABL 0AA>F80B82=KE.
$@0=FC7A:89 ?>;8B>;>3 . ;>=45;L @0745;O5B 3@C??K 8=B5@5A>2 =0 G5BK@5
B8?0: 1 ) 3@C??K ?> >1KG0N 2>7=8:0NB =0 >A=>25 >1I8==KE, :0AB>2KE, :;0=>2KE
>1I=>AB59. > <=>38E @072820NI8EAO AB@0=0E A>AB02 MB8E 3@C?? >?@545;O5B-
AO =5:>B>@K<8 =0A;54AB25==K<8 D0:B>@0<8 ( ?>;><, @0A>2>9 ?@8=04;56=>ABLN,
=0A;54C5<K< A>F80;L=K< ?>;>65=85<) ; 2 ) 8=AB8BCF8>=0;L=K5 3@C??K >A=>2K-
3 4 4 ;020 1 6 . !>F80;L=K5 >1I=>AB8 :0: ?>;8B8G5A:85 0:B>@K
20NBAO =0 D>@<0;L=KE >@30=870F8OE 2=CB@8 3>AC40@AB25==>3> 0??0@0B0. =8<
<>6=> >B=5AB8 ;>118ABA:85 3@C??8@>2:8 2 ?0@;0<5=B5 8 ?@028B5;LAB25; 3 ) 3@C?-
?K 70I8BK AB@5<OBAO >BAB0820BL 8=B5@5AK A2>8E AB>@>==8:>2. -B8 >1J548=5=8O
?@54AB02;ONB ?@5645 2A53> M:>=><8G5A:85 8 A>F80;L=K5 8=B5@5AK ( 0AA>F80F88
?@>872>48B5;59, 10=:>2A:85 A>N7K, D8=0=A>2>- ?@><KH;5==K5 3@C??K, >1I5AB-
20 70I8BK ?@02 ?>B@518B5;59, ?@>DA>N7K) ; 4 ) 3@C??K ?>445@6:8 >@85=B8@>20=K
=0 AB@>3> >3@0=8G5==K5 F5;8 ( M:>;>38G5A:85 8 0=B82>5==K5 42865=8O, 0AA>F80-
F88 «