Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Lyubimtseva_S_N__Koreneva_V_N_L_93_Kurs_angli.doc
Скачиваний:
699
Добавлен:
11.04.2015
Размер:
4.45 Mб
Скачать

Exercises

Ex. 1. Answer these questions:

A. 1. What role does an accounting system play in an economy?

2. Into what phases is accounting broken down?

3. What is an accounting equation?

4. What is the most widely practised principle of bookkeeping?

5. What does the balance sheet list?

6. What is shown in the income statement?

B. 1. What is the role and functions of accountancy in a free-market economy?

2. Who uses financial information?

3. What are the major objectives of financial statements?

4. What is "useful" information for users?

C. 1. What are public accountants?

2. What are private accountants?

3. How do public accountants organize their activities?

4. Who can get a license to practise public accounting?

5. What services do Russian public accountants provide?

Ex. 2. Give derivatives of:

account n performance n record n manager n

statement n transaction n debit n credit n

measure n available adj relevance n prudence n

reliability n materiality n substance n consistency n

comparability n independent adj practice n license n

confidential adj consult v

Ex. 3. Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases from the main text and the dialogues:

A. ключевой элемент экономической системы; финансовые результаты хозяйственной деятельности хозяйствующего субъекта; сделки, в которые вступают различные организации; получение, обработка и передача информации; отражение информации в финансовой отчетности; работать с прибылью; выполнять свои обязательства; бухгалтерское равенство; активы должны быть равны пассивам; в балансе отражаются ...; учет по принципу двойной записи; отражать в балансе, составлять баланс; счет прибылей и убытков;

B. передавать информацию; измерять; изменения в финансовом положении предприятия; финансовый учет; управленческий учет; проблемы начального периода; цели финансовой отчетности; принцип работающего предприятия; экономическая сущность; давать истинное представление о деятельности фирмы; сближать принципы учета;

C. заниматься чём-л.; предоставлять услуги на платной основе; дать толчок созданию ...; быть предпочтительным; организовать товарищество; избегать ограниченной ответственности; брать на себя ответственность за свои решения; иметь право выдавать лицензию; удовлетворять требованиям в отношении уровня образования и опыта работы; сдать экзамен; профессиональная репутация; конфиденциальность; поддерживать высокие профессиональные стандарты; аудит; иметь много общего; отличаться в значительной степени; производственный учет; составление смет капитальных расходов; составление смет текущих расходов.

Ex. 4. Say in a few words what the main text is about. Use the opening phrases from Ex. 4 (Unit 1).

Ex. 5. Sum up the content of the dialogues. Use the phrases from Ex. 5 (Unit 1).

Ex. 6. Read the dialogue, translate the Russian remarks into English and act it out:

Foreigner. As far as I know, in the past the major function of your accountants was to control whether enterprises achieved the plan targets. Has the accounting system changed of late?

Russian: Политика экономических реформ вызвала необходимость создания эффективной системы бухучета. В этом направлении уже проделана большая работа.

F.: What accounting principles is your system based on at present?

R.: Наша система учета основана на системе двойной записи. Учет в основном ведется на основе кассового принципа учета.

F.: Your system seems to be very formalized. It is based on the uniform chart of accounts (план счетов) and forms of record keeping and reporting (формы учета и отчетности).

R.: Стремясь способствовать прямым иностранным инвестициям путем создания совместных предприятий, наше правительство поставило задачу внедрения системы учета, сопоставимой с международными стандартами. Была разработана процедура составления ежегодной финансовой отчетности, одобрен план счетов для совместных предприятий.

F.: It is also important to recognize that the development of accounting in any country is impossible without developing the accounting profession. Is anything being done in this direction?

R.: Да, мы разрабатываем и внедряем новые стандарты, организуем профессиональную подготовку и переподготовку бухгалтеров.

F.: I am glad to hear that the full potential of accounting is appreciated in your country now.

Ex 7. Work on vocabulary and grammar.

a) Study the key words of the unit in the dictionary at the back of this book:

balance sheet, account, depreciation, cost, expenses, assets, loss;

b) Think of the English synonyms to these Russian verbs:

относить (на), отражать (в учете), учитывать;

c) Think of the words describing characteristics that make information useful;

d) Think of the nouns that are most often used with the following verbs:

to measure, to ensure, to communicate, to prepare, to debit, 'to credit, to draw up, to disclose, to report;

e) Match the verbs from (a) with the nouns from (b) below:

a) to meet b) needs

to ensure provision of information

to harmonize standards

to develop performance

to assess service

to provide a boost

to give license

to enhance accounting standards

to grant targets

to achieve credibility

Ex. 8. a) Supply the articles where necessary.

b) Write down 3-5 questions about the text.

c) Explain what information must be disclosed in accounting records. Say what you have learned from the text about the UK rules for the preparation of accounting records.

Accounting Records

Every company must keep accounting records sufficient:

• to show and explain ... company's transactions;

• to disclose ... financial position of the company at any time with reasonable accuracy; and

• to enable the directors to ensure that ... annual accounts comply with... statutory requirements.

The records must contain entries of daily receipts and payments,... record of assets and liabilities and, where the business involves dealing in goods, stocktaking records and details of goods bought and sold.

The directors of every company have a duty to prepare annual accounts. The accounts must be made up to ... company's accounting date (its financial year-end) and in accordance with the specified accounting principles. In ... UK, for example, they include ... following:

• The company is presumed to be ...going concern.

• Accounting policies are applied consistently from ... year to year.

• The amount of any item is determined on ... prudent basis.

• The accounts are prepared on ... accrual basis.

Details of any departure from these principles, the reasons for it, and its effect must be explained in ... note to the accounts.

In the United Kingdom company accounts are almost invariably prepared using the historical cost accounting convention, with or without modification to reflect changes in ... value of certain assets. However, ... Company Act 1985 does provide alternative accounting rules which permit companies to recognise ... full impact of inflation and changing prices in their accounts.

Along with ... rules applying to the preparation of accounts, there is ... overriding requirement that the balance sheet must give ... "true and fair" view of the state of affairs of the company and that... profit and loss account must give ... "true and fair" view of the company's profit or loss.

Until 1992, cash basis accounting was ... only method recognized in ... Russia. Although the new accounting regulation permits the administration to select ... method of recognizing revenue and expenses,... traditional method is still dominant.

Words you may need:

accounting records бухгалтерские счета, бухгалтерская отчетность

stocktaking records книга учета запасов

accounting date отчетная дата

accrual basis принцип начислений

departure n (зд.) отклонение

Companies Act Закон о компаниях

overriding adj первостепенный

Ex. 9. a) Supply the prepositions where necessary.

b) Explain the objective of Financial Statements and say what ensures usefulness of information disclosed in them to the users.

The objective of financial statements is to provide useful information ... users. Among the users are present and potential investors, lenders, suppliers and customers, employees, governments ... home and host countries, the public at large, and also those who act... behalf of users.

The objectives of financial statements are defined ... the needs of users. In general, information must be provided about the financial position, performance and changes ... financial position of an enterprise.

Such information is useful to a wide range ... users in making decisions and is necessary to keep management accountable ... the resources entrusted ... it. Financial statements can also provide useful information to governments for making policy decisions, although governments often require special-purpose reports as well. More specifically, a variety of users need to be able to assess the performance of an enterprise and thus are interested, among other things,... the cash flow of the enterprise. For example, investors must know if they will receive dividends and when they should buy, hold and sell stock. Lenders are interested in determining whether interest and principal... loans will be paid when due. Suppliers, other creditors and customers must determine whether they will be paid ... time or will continue to receive a product or service on which they might depend. Employees are interested in the continuation of their employment and, therefore, in the stability and profitability ... their employment. Members of the public are also interested in the impact of the activities of the enterprise ... the general welfare.

The usefulness of information can be determined ... its relevance to the needs of the users and the extent ... which users can rely ... such information. Other important characteristics of useful information include comparability and understandability. Besides, users benefit more ... information that is available at the time it is required, information provided long after it is needed is ... little relevance.

Financial statements should disclose all items that are material enough to affect evaluations or decisions.

The information published ... reporting enterprises must assist users ... predicting future prospects of the enterprise.

Transactions and events that form the basis of financial statements are sometimes open ... different interpretations. They can be viewed according to their legal form or their economic reality. Enterprises should emphasize the economic substance of transactions and events.

Information must be free ... bias with respect ... various users, it should assist in decision-making but should not influence decisions in a predetermined direction.

Financial statements should be prepared in a comparable way so that the performance of different enterprises, or of the same enterprise over time, can be examined. The comparability of financial statements is enhanced ... the relative stability of accounting policies, which specify the methods by which a reporting enterprise measures, accumulates and summarizes the economic events and data ... its records. Stability means that no change in accounting policies will be made unless it is clearly necessary.

Comparability across enterprises requires that a consistent set of definitions, units of measurement, assumptions, measurement techniques and reporting intervals be applied. If financial statements from enterprises in different countries are to be compared, the users must be aware ... the relative differences among national accounting policies.

Comparability can be enhanced by the harmonization of national standards or the adoption of international standards.

Based on: Objectives and concepts

Underlying Financial

Statements, ISAR, 1989

Words you may need:

the public at large широкая публика

understandability n понимаемость; (зд.) читаемость

disclose v раскрывать (информацию)

reporting enterprise предприятие, подающее свою отчетность

bias n необъективность, предвзятость

predetermined adj предопределенный, заранее решенный

to be aware of знать, быть осведомленным (о чём-л.)

Ex. 10. a) Open the brackets putting the verbs in the correct form.

b) Say what is a Chart of Accounts in Russia and what it provides for.

In the West each company (to have) a certain freedom in the design of its own set of accounts so as to reflect the nature of its business and the needs of its management in directing that business. In Russia this process (to regulate) centrally, there (to be) a tradition of using a uniform Chart of Accounts.

The first uniform Chart of Accounts (to appear) in Russia in the 1920s. It (to intend) for industries only and was revised periodically. In 1961 the first national uniform Chart of Accounts (to create) and put into operation. With only insignificant changes, this chart (to use) in accounting practice until 1992. In 1992 transition to a new chart (to make). The current Chart of Accounts (to consist) of about 100 accounts and 60 subaccounts grouped into 10 main sections. All accounts included in this uniform chart (to call) "synthetic" (main or summary) accounts. On the basis of this chart, each enterprise also may create a set of "analytic" (supporting) accounts if needed to supplement the synthetic accounts. The Chart of Accounts can be considered the most important element of the accounting system in Russia because it (to determine) the accounting practice and other elements of the system.

The Chart (to provide) for the following: an interrelated classification, grouping, and generalization of information about business activities of enterprises, a unified methodological basis for the organization of accounting in the whole national economy, an effective system of control of indicators for business activities, comparability of accounting procedures used and information generated in the accounting systems of different enterprises, etc.

Words you may need:

set of accounts перечень счетов

synthetic account синтетический счет

analytic account аналитический счет

interrelated classification взаимосвязанная классификация

grouping n группировка

methodological basis методологическая база

indicator n показатель

Ex. 11. a) Fill each gap with a suitable word from the box.

b) Sum up the text in 5-7 sentences and present your summary in class.

c) Name the most important events in the development of the accountancy profession in the world.

accountants

principles

organized

members

back

profession

creation

throughout

number

role

organizations

functions

Accountancy Profession

The organization of the accountancy profession dates_______to January 1853 when eight accountants in Edinburgh, Scotland met for the purpose of seeking recognition of their_______as a separate and distinct profession. Their discussion of their professional situation resulted in the________of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Edinburgh. Since that time numerous professional accountancy organizations have been established _________ the world. The process is going on.

In 1977 the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) was established. Its initial membership was 63 organizations representing 49 countries, but within a decade, the ________ grew to 105 organizations from 79 countries. The establishment of the IFAC recognized the need for international coordination of the objectives of professional accountancy organizations and means of achieving those objectives. Accountancy is an international profession. Under the conditions of global interdependence of countries through trade, finance, and crossborder investments, the_________of the IFAC is becoming more important.

The size and principles of accountancy_________vary. Some organizations comprise accountants working in commerce, industry, and government organizations, as well as in public practice (auditing), others consist solely of members in public practice.

The main _________ of the accountancy profession may be summarized as follows:

• to protect the public by ensuring the observance by its members of the highest________of professional and ethical conduct;

• to promote and increase the knowledge, skills, and proficiency of members of the organization and students;

• to preserve the professional independence of _______ in whatever capacities they may be serving;

• to maintain the legitimate rights of its________.

IFAC was _________ in recognition of the growing changes towards internationalization of the world economy, business and trade.

Words you may need:

Institute of Chartered Accountants Институт дипломированных бухгалтеров

observance n соблюдение

conduct n поведение

proficiency n (зд.) опыт

preserve v сохранять

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]