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2 Infinitive

*with to, after certain adjectives

The homework was easy to do.

I was happy to do it.

Similar adjectives: amazed, certain, difficult,

disappointed, free, glad, hard, likely, pleased, possible,

simple, sure, surprised

*with to, after certain nouns

It was a real surprise to hear we'd won the prize.

*without to, in certain phrases

I would rather go to a disco than stay at home.

File 11: Conditionals

1 Zero conditional: if + present + present simple/ present continuous/modal/imperative

*general truths, instructions

If you heat ice, it melts.

If it's raining, take an umbrella.

If he looks embarrassed, he may be lying.

2 First conditional: If/unless + present simple + will/may/might/can

*things that are really likely to happen in the present/

future

If I wiH- win the lottery, I'll buy a yacht.

We'll miss the plane unless the taxi will get gets here

soon.

*promises and threats

I'll buy a present if you lend me a guitar.

3 Second conditional: If + past simple 4-would/could/may/might

*unreal/hypothetical situations in the present/

future

What would you do if you were a millionaire?

If I had my own bedroom, I could decorate it

myself.

*advice

If I were you, I'd go home now.

! Conditional sentences can be written in two

ways with no change in meaning:

1 with the if clause at the beginning of the sentence

If you lend me some money, I'll buy you a present.

2 with the if clause at the end of the sentence I'll buy you a present if you lend me some money Note that the if clause is followed by a comma only when it comes at the start of a sentence.

4 Third conditional: if + past perfect + would/could/may/might have + past participle

*speculating about situations in the past which

didn't actually happen

We would have finished the tennis match if it

hadn't rained.

If you'd bought a ticket, you might have won

a prize.

*something that was a possibility in the past

but didn't happen

You could have broken your arm if you'd fallen

out of the tree.

File 12: Wishes

1 wish + past simple/past continuous/could

*to express regrets about a present situation

which we can't change

My sister wishes she were prettier.

*use if only to make a wish stronger

If only my dad didn't snore!

! You can't say I wish I/we would.

1 wish I would be lying were lying on the beach now!

2 wish/if only + would

when you want something to happen in the future

but it is outside your control

I wish my parents would buy me a Mercedes!

*complaints

If only my brother would stop ordering me

around!

3 Wish/hope

*use wish when you imagine situations are different from reality

I wish it would stop raining.

*use hope, not wish, for things that are likely to

happen in reality

I hope it stops raining soon.

4 wish + past perfect

*regrets about the past

I wish I hadn't eaten so much last night!

File 13: Reported speech

Reporting statements

*af ter reporting verbs in the present, there is no change

He says he loves her.

*af ter reporting verbs in the past, tenses go one step

back in time. Pronouns and place/time words may also

need to change.

He said he loved her.

Original statement Reported statement

'It's snowing in my He said it was snowing in

country. his country.

'I was dreaming/ he He told me that he had

told me. been dreaming.

'You've won first prize,' The man announced that

the man announced. they had won the first prize.

'I've been watching TV,' He explained that he had

he explained. been watching TV.

'I'll buy you a present,' Dad promised that he

dad promised. would buy me a present.

*modals would, could, might, ought to or should do

not change in reported speech

'I might be late.' She said she might be late.

*must changes to had to

'I must go.' She said she had to go.

! Use tell not say before an object pronoun.

He said (that) he was lost.

He said me told me that he was lost.

""Changes in time/place indicators

Original statement Reported statement

here there

now then

this/that/these/those the today that day

tomorrow the next(following)day

yesterday the day before/

the previous day

last week the week before

next week the following week

ago before

File 14: Indirect questions