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1 Used to/would

*past actions and habits I used to bite my nails but I've stopped now. Did you used to use to suck your thumb when you were a baby?

My brother and I would often play in the woods

when we were kids.

! Use would to describe past actions but not

past states.

My best friend would be used to be very thin,

but he's not now.

Would is not as common as used to. Do not use

would in questions or negatives.

2 Used to

*actions that didn't happen in the past but do

now

I didn't used to use to play football, but I do now.

We didn't used to use to have mobile phones

but we do now.

! Used to is only used in the past.

In questions and negatives, the -d is dropped: I didn't use to.../Did you use to...?

File 8: Future tenses

1 Future simple: will/shall + infinitive

*future facts and predictions with no present

evidence

People will live on the moon one day.

*decisions made at the time of speaking

Are you having a party? I'll come!

*offers, promises, threats, hopes, fears, requests,

warnings

I'll ring you tonight if you want.

I'll be really angry if you're late again!

! Put probably after will but before won't.

It will probably rain tomorrow.

I probably won't see him tomorrow.

! Shall is usually only used in offers or

suggestions. Shall I get lunch?

It can be used instead of will in first person sentences, but is much less common.

1 shall be here at 8 o'clock.

2 Going to + infinitive

*plans and intentions and things that are already

decided

I've decided what to get Tom for his birthday.

I'm going to buy him a cd.

*predictions with present evidence

Listen to the thunder! There's going to be a storm.

3 Present continuous

*definite future arrangements

I will meet am meeting my girlfriend tonight. (=it's

all arranged).

4 Present simple

*timetables and scheduled events

The bus leaves at 8 a.m.

*after as soon as, before, until, when, while

I'll meet you as soon as the class finishes.

5 Future continuous: will/may/might + be + -ing

*actions in progress at a future time

I'll be lying on a beach this time tomorrow.

*predicted trends

In 50 years' time, people will be living on the moon.

6 Future perfect: will/may/might + have + past participle /will/may/might + have been + -ing

*actions completed before a time in the future I will have finished my homework by 6 o'clock. *the continuous focuses on the duration of the action By the time our plane arrives, we will have been waiting for exactly five hours.

! Use present simple, not will, to refer to the future after time indicators like when, before, after. Г11 get a job when I leave school.

File 9: -ing forms and infinitives

1 -ing forms

*after certain verbs

1 enjoy going on holiday.

Similar verbs: admit, avoid, can't help, consider, delay,

deny, (dis)like, enjoy, fancy, finish, hate, involve, keep,

(=continue), mind, miss, risk, suggest

*after all prepositions and phrasal verbs

You can't learn the guitar without practicing every day.

I'm good at cooking.

I've given up to do doing judo.

2 Infinitives

verb + to + infinitive

*af ter certain verbs and phrases I want to study medicine. We're hoping to go to Canada next year. Similar verbs: afford, agree, arrange, begin, decide, expect, forget*, hope, intend, learn, manage, offer, need, plan, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, regret*, remember, refuse, seem, start, threaten,, try*, want, would like/ love, would prefer, forget, regret, remember and try can also be followed by -ing form, but with a change in meaning. See section 3. verb + object 4- to 4- infinitive *af ter certain verbs

My friend asked me to go on holiday with her. I persuaded Dad to buy me some new trainers, similar verbs: allow, ask, command, encourage,

expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, would like

3 -ing form or infinitive

*af ter verbs like start, begin, continue (no change

in meaning)

I started to learn/learning the piano

five years ago.

*after verbs like, love, hate, prefer (small

change in meaning)

I love swimming, (in general)

I like to swim every day when I'm on holiday.

(specific situation)

*af ter verbs like forget, go on, mean, regret,

remember, stop and try (complete change in

meaning)

Compare:

1 I'll never forget meeting Leonardo DiCaprio! (I'll always remember it.)

2 I forgot to post Mum's card! (I should have done it but I haven't.)

Do you remember learning to read? (Can you remember that past time?) 2 I must remember to buy my grandmother a present. (I mustn't forget to do it.)

1 I must stop biting my nails, (give up)

2 We stopped to have a coffee on the way home, (stopped one thing in order to do another)

1 If you can't find the information in a book, try looking on the Internet. (I advise this.)

2 I tried to repair my bike but I couldn't. (I attempted it and failed.)

11 didn't mean to break the window, (that wasn't

my intention)

2 Learning a language well means studying hard.

(involves)

11 regret to inform you that you've failed the test.

(I'm sorry to tell you this.)

2 My sister regrets leaving school. (She's sorry

she did it.)

File 10: Other uses of -ing forms and infinitives

1 -ing forms

*af ter certain expressions

It's not worth buying that CD-it's useless!

I can't stand watching football on TV.

Similar phrases: There's no point..., It's unless/

hopeless/pointless..., It's a waste of time...,

I can't bear..., I'm fed up with..., It's no use...

*as the subject or the object/complement of a sentence

1 love swimming.

Dancing is my favourite hobby.

*as the second part of a compound adjective

He's very good-looking.

She was wearing a tight-fitting sweater.

*to talk about the effect someone or something has on

us or our feelings

It was a very excited exciting film.

The film was rather -bored boring.