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What Is a PL/SQL Package?

What Is a PL/SQL Package?

A package is a schema object that groups logically related PL/SQL types, variables, and subprograms. Packages usually have two parts, a specification and a body; sometimes the body is unnecessary. The specification (spec for short) is the interface to the package. It declares the types, variables, constants, exceptions, cursors, and subprograms that can be referenced from outside the package. The body defines the queries for the cursors and the code for the subprograms.

You can think of the spec as an interface and of the body as a "black box." You can debug, enhance, or replace a package body without changing the package spec.

To create package specs, use the SQL statement CREATE PACKAGE. If necessary, a CREATE PACKAGE BODY statement defines the package body.

The spec holds public declarations, which are visible to stored procedures and other code outside the package. You must declare subprograms at the end of the spec after all other items (except pragmas that name a specific function; such pragmas must follow the function spec).

The body holds implementation details and private declarations, which are hidden from code outside the package. Following the declarative part of the package body is the optional initialization part, which holds statements that initialize package variables and do any other one-time setup steps.

The AUTHID clause determines whether all the packaged subprograms execute with the privileges of their definer (the default) or invoker, and whether their unqualified references to schema objects are resolved in the schema of the definer or invoker. For more information, see "Using Invoker's Rights Versus Definer's Rights (AUTHID Clause)" on page 8-15.

A call spec lets you map a package subprogram to a Java method or external C function. The call spec maps the Java or C name, parameter types, and return type to their SQL counterparts. To learn how to write Java call specs, see Oracle Database Java Developer's Guide. To learn how to write C call specs, see Oracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Fundamentals.

What Goes In a PL/SQL Package?

"Get" and "Set" methods for the package variables, if you want to avoid letting other procedures read and write them directly.

Cursor declarations with the text of SQL queries. Reusing exactly the same query text in multiple locations is faster than retyping the same query each time with slight differences. It is also easier to maintain if you need to change a query that is used in many places.

Declarations for exceptions. Typically, you need to be able to reference these from different procedures, so that you can handle exceptions within called subprograms.

Declarations for procedures and functions that call each other. You do not need to worry about compilation order for packaged procedures and functions, making them more convenient than standalone stored procedures and functions when they call back and forth to each other.

Declarations for overloaded procedures and functions. You can create multiple variations of a procedure or function, using the same names but different sets of parameters.

9-2 PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference

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