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(b/J"=>;?+/> ZF J:a:\^ – , T H G J K R .
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(JFaXFZ?=(;:b XJ:d^/F\ – , H G K J, H G HR F J.
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FJ]" F+Fd:+/:[ a"Fo"Zg(;> – F T K G .
FJ]" XJ:d^/\^ ;" \"X?/"= – . FJ]"/:<;" (\F;F]?\" – H “T ”, RH
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d=?_"@?` – J , T G J .H G HR HF J ( ) RJ G .
d](g(;" <?ZXF<?Z"=>;?+/> ("\@?F;(J") – KH G R , T R. K G G KJ. ) ,H G K G G H .
d](g(;?+/> – R HJ .
d+`_ ):+/F_F (\+XFJ/^ – G.
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X(J"@?j ;" <?Z\J:/F]^ J:;\^ – G G ) GK K , TG , R F J . * T ) G J H , F G F J H. ) , T R G , F J K H G .
X/:]"=>;" <"=f/;" aF;" – , K H G K G R .
X/:]"=>;:b JFa]?J \"X?/"=^ – , T H G H , G RH .
X@?F; (XJFZ"<@` ? XF\^X@`) – , H( G) ( G) R,G R R F G.
+;F<;? ):;;:\: – , T R G R J ; F - , K F- , G ; G , T R G G .
+Fd:+/:b <:\FJ:+/F<^<";:b ZF[?Z – J, F , J R G K T K .
+Fd:+/:b XFZF[FZ;:b XFZ"/F\ – , T H G , T RR G( J ), ,, ( J ). / G ,+ , H G F , T , T R G .
m?@?b;? \J(Z:/FJ: – K (%/C, : J , i J G J ), R GF R GG .
mkFJ;? J:;\: – , R , T K H .
"X(JF<? (Z(\J(/;?) _JFk? – F , K F HK , F G.
"J"ZF\+ <"J/F+/? – , J H , T J F K ( , ) R G G “ ” G, F ( , ), T R G K G, H K . ; RH G , T H G , J G.
RH G.
"J"ZF\+ Fo"Z=:<F+/? – , T F J "K. %. ' J . ! F G T K GF KF G T K G. GF T K G H F K , T K F J /) . ; , R , KF J, K , F R, F T K G.
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"J:/(/ <?Z+F/\F<Fj +/"<\: – , RR G , R .
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="/F+XJF]Fg;?+/> – G K J , T K JK .
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F=?/:\" “g(dJ^<";;` ^ +^+?Z"” – ,R , FGF .
F=?/:\" Z(k(<:[ _JFk(b – ) G T GF F J, T F . % R H GF J, , , GF /) . ( K R H F J).
F=?/:\" “ZFJF_:[” _JFk(b – ) GK R F R F J T R. ; H GG /) , F T R . ( K R H “ F ” F J).
F=?/:\" ZF[FZ?< – , TK , T G . H G G H R R R .
F=?/:\" a"F[F)(;;` \F;\^J(;@?j – ,F K.
F=?/:);:b Z?=F<:b @:\= – J , T HF.
F=?/:);:b J(g:] – J J , K .
F]:=\" “post hoc” – G “post hoc, ergo propter hoc”, TH G “ G , K , G ”. ; H, H G : T & H , H, T & RH .
F]:=\" \F]XFa:@?j – T , T G , K G.
FX:/ ;" _JFk? – J , J H G, H K R G F . K F J: 1) F J, R R G F J, T; 2) F , T H K R J K J J .
FJ?<;`=>;" X(J(<"_" (^ ]?g;"JFZ;?b /FJ_?<=?) – G , H, KK , HT . K , G , R G .
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F/J`+?;;` XJFXFa:@?j –, T G G JJ R. / G,G J /) G RR G .
F[?Z;:b XFX:/ – , T HJ , J H G . , F H G J .
J"<:=F ;"b](;k:[ a"/J"/ – K ,J R G , F KG H .
J"<F <="+;F+/? – H G H , K GF J J .
J(]?` ;" J:a:\ – , R G , T .
J:d^/F\ – J K R K . % GH , H G J .
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J:;@:X Z(Jg"<;:[ m?;";+?< "]+(` – K ,K G GF H G , T J F HR R G J T , T G FK .
J:;@:X X="/F+XJF]Fg;F+/? (< FXFZ"/\^<";;?) – J H, T J K G K ,. ; J H, G GF , T R G T J .
J:JFZ;" ]F;FXF=?` – H G, R F R G K H . K , H , , KF , K K H .
J:JFZ;:b J?<(;> d(aJFd?//` – J G , , T T R G K R G ,R G . G H K H G . , F R, H FK G J , JG J T .
JF_J(+:<;?, XJFXFJ@?b;? ? J(_J(+:<;? XFZ"/\: –J, T () T T , J, T F H G . JK H R.
JFZ^\/:<;?+/> XJ"@? – , H FG ( ) . G T H G , T H . T H GK ,T H .
JF=(/"J?"/ – G J R G R , T RR G J .
JF]?g;? /F<"J: – , G K J , T R G . ) , G H K .
JFXFa:@?` – J , T R G G G.
JFXFa:@?` JFdF)Fj +:=: – G G ( G G G R-) .H , G G .
JF/(\@?F;?a] – K , T . ) J K F H ( ), K .
JF/:@:\=?);? a]?;;? – , T R G ’ ( G // ).
J`]? XFZ"/\: – R G G H , R R , F.
"[^;F\ J^[^ \"X?/"=^ – K , T K H F R .
("=>;" a"JFd?/;" X="/" – , T HG K G J . ! G H G G R G , T K G JK G . / H G F G .
("=>;" <?Z+F/\F<" +/"<\" – , R F , K F . ! G RH F J ( G J) .
("=>;:b <"=f/;:b \^J+ – K, G J R J , J .
("=>;:b – G J /) , T J R. GF G /) H GFJ . ! G J /) = G J /) / .
