Istor_ped_Levkivsky

%4% 1214&$ D: * 4*' 4 5! , % )12D#;# :2!/& =(*# “ & # ( # D*'$1 $ 4 5! ”. 61 1818 2%, !2:% &( ! & # ( , 41 5# 1*G ! . (*!:- 2 1;% +:#". ,+%;( 2%, !:#" 61 & # ( =(*% 4:2# % %* ! , ( 1825 2%, 41 , ( 1833 2%, – #L . A%4%; )%5!*# 4:2# ! # !: -!& 6 &%5 L)!2$!*+& D:%*# ! 6 &%5 A ;&!-/. #/ )12D#; - (:2!/& +:#$ ; 4:2# 4 %5( A ;&!-G (1850) , ( 1860 2. % -’' #*# ' !2:% %* ! . (2 4 %5#$ A ;&!-" =( % +;#2 5; % +;#" :*! =( -%2 L& % !" &! ) 4A% % :( 5# 1*+%: 4%;!D&$ #$% ! 1*+%:. 2%A2!;# 4 %5#$ A ;&!-" 42-&'*# ' 4 5%*% 5#$ A%*% 5#&%; #;, C% $ &1 =(*% :*! #5$ ;% , ! &! %; + -! 141&% )2#2%4%-&! %. K)!2$!*+& D:%*# )121 !6&% =(*# 1;#2 5#, ! %LG )2%A2!;%G &!=*#6!*# ' 4% 4 %5#$ A ;&!-". &( !*# C1 1214& 4 %5 D:%*# 4%; ! ;)12! 2#, !2 /.

*+: + )% % #$ (5#*#C -!*#D!*! ' ;!"61 &1-; &&%G, ! )!2!F '*+$ - 1841 2. 4% 1856 2. -= *+D#*% + *+:# &! 64 ;16!$ L/ ;)12 / ()2#2 – 4 D:%*# 2 :). ! :2!/& ,1" )2%,1 &% # &12 &%; 2" $!2!: 12.

: &, 50-$ 2%: &! :2!/& #: &% #" #) D: * 4*' ) 4* : 4%2% *#$ – !: -!& &14 *+& D:%*#. 12D! &14 *+&! D:%*! =(*! -! &% !&! ( #L ( 1859 2., ! 5121- 2 : !; &( !*# 61 4 5%*% 5 ! 2 6 &%5 &14 *+& D:%*#. 2%,1 ( %21&&' &14 *+$ D: * )%D#2# ' &! &D ; !, &! + 1*!. % &! 5!&&' ,#$ D:%*!$ ) 4:*G5#*! + (:2!/& +:! & 1* A1&, ' – 5# 1* , (41& # -!A!* ;%*%4+, 1214 ':%/ &1 =2!:( !*% (:2!/&, , ': !6!*# &1%=$4 1 # &! 5!&&' (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G. *1 &14% A#; =(*% 6# ' &14 *+$ D: *: ( 1862 2%, 2%-)%2'461&&'; ; & 2! % # % =(*# :! % !& .

D:%*# &! :2!/& , 4 #C#$ 4% A#$, =(*# 2( #F :% !& . 2 ; %A%, D:%*! =(*! 5(6%G 4*' &!D%A% &!2%4(, &1 *+:# ;% %G, ! " !;%G ;1 %4#:%G #:*!4!&&'. 5# !&:!$ ! ) 42(5:!$ A% %2#*% ' #:*G5&% )2% 2( +:#" &!2%4, "%A% A% )%4!2 +:1 6# ' -#5!/, %2 G, ! )2% (:2!/& +:#" – &1 -A!4( !*% '. D:%* 4# #&! )% 2!)*'*! -!*16&( 4 &1/ 4($% &( ! ;% F12(, 5(6#" , 41 & 5%A% %A% 2 4&%A% %&! &1 =!5#*!. -4 # – *!=:#" 2%-# %: 4# #, &1 # %:#" 2 1&+ -&!&+.

!:#; D: *+ =!*!& %; ()#*! :2!/&! )%*% #&( %* '. *1 )214 ! :# (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( )2!A&(*# &! 5! # &! 5! # ' 2 4&%G ;% %G. !2 +:#" (2'4 =( -;(D1" ) # &! )% ():#. % #" D: *+" ! ( , )2#"&' #" ( 1787 2%, , #-&! (:2!/& +:( ;% ( % &% &%G 4*' D: * !*#5#, ! 1789 2%, (2'4 2 / 4! -A%4( &! 4:2# ' (:2!/& +:#$ D: *, )2#&!";& 4!$ )2% 4:2# ' $%5! = %4& L/ D:%*# - (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G &! 5!&&' &1;!L.

! )%5! :( . ,!2 +:#" (2'4 *1: !&42! )2% %4# + 21F%2;( !&&' # 1;# % # % / -! -!$4&%L 2%)1" +:#; -2!-:%;, -!)%-#5# D# # 1;( % # )12 %4( F2!&,(-+:%/ 21 %*G, /.

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

1 %=;#&(*! 2( #F :!, ' 1214&$ D: *. A ;&!-'$, C% 4:2# !*# ' &! :2!/& , &! 5!&&' )2% %4#*% + 2% " +:%G ;% %G. :2!/& +:! ;% !, * 12! (2!, :(*+ (2! %2 ' &1 # 5!*# + 6 &%5#$ 1214&$ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4!$. :2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( & =# " &1 &( !*% -!A!* .

101

1863 2%, 2% " +:#" ; & 2 &( 2 D&$ )2! !*(L #4! &! ()" (:!-: “ #:!:%A% ;!*%2% #" :%A% '-a:! &1 =a*%, &1 , # =a + &1 ;%61 # 5 % &!215#1, ()% 21=*'1;a$ )2% %&!2%4+1;, 1 + % 61 2( :#" '-a:, %*+:% # )%251&&a" *#' &! &1A% %*+D#”. &:%*# 2% " +:#$ ) 42(5:!$ -’' *'*# ' ! - (:2!/& +:%A% 6# ', !*1 % !=% )% %2G !*# %2 G (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4(, !=% =(*# )2% % =21$&1G. % " +:! %2 ' &1 %=;16( !*! + 2( #F :!, LG (:2!/& +:%/ D:%*#. 1876 2%, ,!2 +:#" (2'4 #4! (:!-, ':#" )121:2# ! 4% () 2 4&%A% *% ! 4% (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4(: “ 1 4%)( :! + %-! )2141*a ;)12## =1- % %=%A% 2!-21D1' :A, #-4! !1;a$ &! ;!*%2% #" :%; &!215##. 15! ! # %-4! #;)12## %2#A#&!*+&a$ )2%#-141" # )121 %4% &! %; 61 &!215## % )21 # +. % )21 # + 2!-*#5&a1 ,1&a1 )214 ! *1' # 5 1' &! ;!*%2% #" :%; '-a:1”.

' 4%=! 4-&!5!*! ' )% )2#A& 51&&'; 5# 1*+ ! (5& . 2! % *! ' , *:%; 2( #F :( !*% +, ': 5#;!*% #$% !&, D: *. *' 2%-)2! # - 5*1&!;# #2#*%-1F%4 / +:%A% =2! !, ,!2#-; )% #*# 21)21 / )2% # :2!/. !=%2%&'*# + =(4+-': :A# (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G, )121 * 4( !*# + &! + &!(:% ! )2% :2!/&( 2% " +:%G ;% %G.

5. ( XV )

)12D " )%*% #& VI . &! %=12166 *%= 4 +: " :2!/& , C%$%4#*# 4% :*!4( % /, 2 1&+ % # =( 4&% &% # %:#;.

)%*:!$ %=12166' &( !*# )%*:% )%5! :% D:%*#, ': 4:2# !*% !;1 &! 1*1&&' -! *! & :%D #.

! -!)%2-+:#$ -1;*'$ F(&:, %&( !*#, ': ( )%)1214&+%;( %* 5% ! D:%*!, D:%*! )2# !;!2 +: " F%2 1,-;%&! #2 16 )!2!F '*+$ D: * )2# ,12: !$. %-# :% % # D:%*# :2!/& ,+%A% )12 %4( )2#'*! 4 '*+& + ;!&42 $ 4': .

! -2!-%: #L %-%A#*'& +:%/ :%*1A / (!:!41; /), =(*# %21& :%*1A / % A%2%4-12 +:%;(, 12& A% , !2:% , %* ! " 121' *! , ':#$ &! 5!*# ' 4 # &1 *#D1 4($% 1& ! " :%-!,+:%/ !2D#, ! " ; C!&, :%-!: 1*'&.

)% #*1&&'; -!:2 )!51&&' 1*'& :%-!: , 2! %G :2!/&%G ! %&%; / (1775 2.) ! -2("&( !&&'; 5 )%*:% -!)%2-+: D:%*# )121 !*# &( ! #.

'*+& + ;!&42 $ 4': ;!*! ; ,1 &! %=1216& " :2!/& 4% 1786 2., ':%;( “;!&42#” =(*# -!=%2%&1& . 3 , LG ;1 %G )2% 141&% )121)# ($ ,12:% $ D: * 5# 1* ( $. ! 21F%2;%G 1786 2. , D:%*# !=% -!:2# !*# ', !=% )121 %2G !*# ' ( )!2!F '*+& .

%=*# % !2 % 4-&!5# # 4 '*+& + %*% &%/ 5% %/ D:%*# (1754–1768). ! $!2!: 12%; &! 5!&&' %&! )2#2 &G !*! ' 4% :2!C#$ =2! +:#$ D: *. ( # 5!*# ) / #:(, 2# %2#:(, ;! 1;! #:(, A1%A2!F G, ! 2%&%; G, " +:% ( )2! (.

D:%*!$ )2#4 *'*# 4% ! &G ( !A( )! 2 % #5&%;( #$% !&&G ! ;(-#5& " ) 4A% % , (5& . $ #$%4#*# :%=-!2 , (2;!5 , ,#;=!* #, :2#)!* .

1738 2. ;. *($% =(*! 4:2# ! D:%*! ) !: , ': " A% ( !*# ) !: 4*' 1 12=(2-+:%/ )2#4 %2&%/ :!)1*#. ( &! 5!*% ' )% 20 (5& . % # 5!*# &% &( A2!;% (, A2( &! :2#), , A( *'$, =!&4(2 . !:%6 - # )2% %4#*# $%2% -!&' '. %2 5&% 10 #)( :: &!)2! *'*# ' 4% )2#4 %2&%A% $%2(, %2:1 2(. 2% &( !*! ) !,+:! D:%*! )%&!4 40 2%: .

%=*# % 4%;#; ( 1214#& V . !L !2: +:#" :%*1A (;. !2: +:%;( :%*1A (; &! 5!*# ' 4 # ($ 12 &! 1*1&&'. :%*1A (; )% "&% )121A*'4! ' -; % #, %4#*# ' &% )214;1 # 4*' -!4% %*1&&' )% 21= ( -&!&&'$ (:2!/& +:%A% 4 %2'& !. !:, - 1765 2. -!)%5! :% !&1 # 51&&'

102

F2!&,(-+:%/ ! & ;1,+:%/ ;% , )%A*#=*GL + ' :(2 ;! 1;! #:#. # 5!L + ' &61&12&! )2! !, A1%41-' %C%. 2% %4# + ' -!A!*+&%:(*+ (2&! 1 1 #5&! ) 4A% % :! (* 12! (2!, ;(-#:!, 6# %)# , !2$1: (2!). @:C% &! )12D%;( 1 !) &! 5!*+" )2%,1 ( !2: +: " :%*1A / -4 " &G ! ' -! -2!-:%; :%*1A / #/ +:%/ (A2!;! #:!, )%1 #:!, 2# %2#:!, F *% %F ', =%A% *% ’'), % ( 42(A " )%*. V . & =( )1212%=*1" -! -2!-:%; )*!& % :% +:%A% (& 12 # 1 ( (;! 1;! #:!, &61&12&! )2! !, A1%41-', %2 ', A1%A2!F ', 1%*%A ', )2! %, ;14#,#&!).

1 -(;% *G !*% ' )% 21=!;# 2%-# :( &! :2!/& )2%;# *% % &!;!A!&&';# 4 %2'& ! ! (:2!/& +:%/ !2D# 4! # %/; 4 '; 4% :%&!*( " D#2%:( % (. :%*1A / &! 5!*# ' )214 ! :# 2-$ !& , -! #&' :%; 4 1" :2 )!: .

! D: *+ ! ( %; 1786 2., :2!/& )%5!*# 4:2# ! # ' ;!* (( )% % #$ ; !$) A%*% & (( A(=12& +:#$ ; !$) &!2%4& (5#*#C!. %*% & (!=% 5% #2#:*! & ) (5#*#C! )1214=!5!*# 6-2 5" 12; &, ! ;!* (!=% 4 %:*! & ) – 4- 2 5" 12; & &! 5!&&'. 1783 2. =(*# -! &% !& )12D (5#*#C! ( #L " 12& A% . ! )%5! %: 1801 2. (:2!/& +:#$ A(=12& '$ % " +:%/ ;)12 / =(*% 8 A%*% $ 17 ;!*#$ (5#*#C.

! 2! %=1216& " :2!/& ! $4& " !*#5#& , 41 )!&( !*! )%*+ +:! D*'$!, )%41:(4# &( !*# “4': +: D:%*#”. *' )%:! %*#51&&' (:2!/& +:%/ *G4&% &! !46( !*# ' (& ! +: D:%*#, ! !:%6 D:%*# 4($% $ %241& – ! #* !&, L-(/ .

1789 2. &! 2! %=1216& " :2!/& =(*% 4 %:2(6& D:%*# - 1;#2 5 12; &%; &! 5!&&';, 14 ) 4%:2(6$ D: * - D1 #2 5 12; &%; &! 5!&&'. ! (:% #& -! 5! )!&( !&&' (2155# D: * ;!"61 &1 =(*%. ! !:!2)! &( !*% : *+:! ,12:% &%-(& ! +:#$ D: *, ':#$ &! 5!*# A2!;% #. 1744 2. ;. (:!51 =(*! 4:2# ! =%A% *% +:! D:%*!, ! 1766 2. =(*# -! &% !& )%5! :% D:%*# (:!51 , V ., )-& D1 – '51 ! #D:% . &( !*# !:%6 6A%2%4 +:! A ;&!-' (1646), 21F%2;! %2 +:! :%*1A ' (1540) :! %*#,+:! A ;&!-'!2;!2%D-#A1 (1730). 80 22. V . 6A%2%4 =(*% 4:2# % “&%2;!*+&( D:%*(”, )2# ': " - 1793 2. &( !*! 5# 1*+ +:! 1; &!2 '. , D:%*# =(*# ,1& 2!;# 41&!, %&!*-!, / (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( !:!2)! ', /$ -;!4'2#-( !&&' )%:! %*#51&&'. !)2#: &, VI . %=% ’'-:% %G ;% %G &! 5!&&' D:%*!$ !:!2)! ' !*! (A%2 +:!. % 21=( % 2 4&%G ;% %G -!:!2)! +: (:2!/&, -!4% %*+&'*# )2# ! &! 5!&&' %/$ 4 1".

*' )12D%A% )%4 *( %*+C (1772) 2 ' -!$%)#*! !*#5#&(. )%5! :( ( =(*% 4:2# % : *+:! ,12:% &%)!2!F '*+$ D: *, ! - 17832. ( + % =(*% -! &% !&% 2% " +:( 4($% &( 1; &!2 G. 4&%5! &% - ,#; "D*% %& ;151&&' D: *. 4:2# ! - 1784 2. A ;&!-' )2# + +:%;( (& 12 # 1 =(*! & ;1,+:%G.

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

4:21 *GG5# %G )%:!-&( (2=% ( )2% % (, ! 12#&! 1 2%=#*!, !=# -! 2#;! # // 2%-# %:. !:, =!A! % ;!&42 $ 4': , -! // 2%-)%2'461&&';,

103

&!)2! *'*# &! " +:% ( *(6=(. &D -;(D1& =(*# %=2! # )% "&1 ; ,1 )2%6# !&&' )% 2!)#*# ( :2 )% &( -!*16& +. % #*1&&' :2 )% &%A% )2! ! )2#-%4#*% &1 *#D1 -! 2#;!*% )%D#21&&' % #, ! " )2#-1*% 4% -C1&&' (61 &(G5#$ D: *. 1789 2. =(*# -!:2# (:2!/& +: D:%*# -!=%2%&1&% #:*!4!&&' (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G ( $ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4!$.

/3, + * + '532 . . (+ +0+32

H %:

!;%)-&!&&' ! !;% 4% :%&!*1&&', 4% 'A&1&&' C! ', ':%A% ;%6&! 4% 'A #

, *:% # %G )121;%A%G 4($( ! 4(D1 )%:%L;.

H :

“ #&&! *G4#&!”, 4*' ':%/ )% 2 =&1 L &1 !6:#;, ! !6:1 &1)% 2 =

+ ’%$ &:

=*!A% )%2%4# #, (2=( ! # ' )2% -4%2% ’' 4 1", &! 5# # 4'5&% .

$% !

1.1%A2!F 5&%-$2%&%*%A 5&! :!2 ! 6# ', &! 5!&&' 4 '*+&% . :% %2%4#.

2.!2%4&%-2!4#, "& D*'$# #$% !&&' . :% %2%4#.

3.(;!& #5& -! !4# #$% !&&' . :% %2%4#.

4.4A% % :! 4# # 4% „ )%2 4&1&%/ )2!, ” (-! . :% %2%4%G).

5.%2 &'*+" !&!*- % # ( $4& " :2!/& !*#5#& (: &1,+ XV .).

% % $ $%

1.%' & + )%*%61&&' :% %2%4#: “ #$% !&&' :2#L + ' )2#2%4 !;%A% &!2%4(, ': %A%&+ *% &1 #4#;1 :21;1& ”.

2.@: A%*% & (;% # )% 2 =& *G4#& 4*' C! ' (-! :% %2%4%G)?

3.%;( &!D (5! :, !:!41; : '-G&, &!-# !L 1%2 G #$% !&&' :% %2%4# “)14!A%A :%G 12,'”?

104

4. @:#" -’'-%: ; 6 A2!;! #:%G ;% 2#,+:%A% 2% " +:%G A2!;! #:%G %;%&% % !?

1.':%;( - :%*1A (; :2!/ :% %2%4! 5# ! :(2 “ &% # $2# #'& +:%/ ;%2!* ?” ) * ; >) N- * ; ) K * .

2.@:%G &!")%D#21& D%G F%2;%G )% *(A% ( ! ' . :% %2%4! ( #:*!4 *! $ )14!A%A 5$ )%A*'4 ? ) --*; >) B =; ) + =.

3.@:#" - #$% $ )2#&,#) L ,1& 2!*+ ( 2#6&1 #;) ( . :% %2%4#?

)- ; >) *- )- - .

4.':#$ %2!$ . :% %2%4! )% ! # -! 4!&&' #$% !&&' % %=# % ?

)"-: I :"; >)" > D -0 -"; )" > : D :-”.

5.@:#" #4 #:*!4!,+:%/ 4 '*+&% =( &!")%D#21& D#; ( . :% %2%4#?

)- - > + B-* ; >) ; ) -;= .

6.@:! ': + ;!L 4%; &( ! #, &! 4(;:( . :% %2%4#, ( 5# 1*+ +: " )2%F1 /?

) - - ; >) B ; ) > + .

8.% L #-&!5!*+ ( ;%2!*+&%;( #$% !&& , -! . :% %2%4%G?

9.) +- --; >) * ; ) + B .

8.@:#" 4%:(;1& , 2%-2%=*1" %;%&% % #;, &!4! ! 1*#:#$

41;%:2! #5$ )2! :12 , ( ! #:*!4!5!; #C#$ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4 ?

) *-; >) ; ) D--.

9. #; -(;% *GL + ' )2%A21 *G4 !, -! )121:%&!&&'; %;%&% % !?

) =; C=; >) + * 0-; ) + * - .

10. ':%;( 2%, :2!/& 2% " +:#; ,!2! %; =(*# -!:2# (:2!/& +: D:%*#? ) 1769; >) 1789; ) 1775.

105

( ).

1.F- 0 /- 9 : - K K .

2.#- - - - + 0- /- 0 B ( .A 9 B, . B, ". % ; :, O. $; :).

3.. 0-B .

4.#- - -; - #-< / ( . A B-, . # 9, . # * ).

' :

1.1 : +:#" . . %2 ' )14!A%A :#. – 2-1 #4. 4%). – .: 1& 2 &! 5.*-2#, 2005.

2.%2%D1&:% . . !2# %2 / :2!/ ( 1214;% ! . .1 G:! – ., 1991.

3.!&% ! . . #$!"*% 2!A%;!&% ( ( ) *+&%-)%* #5&%;( 2( % / ! :2!/, – , 1971.

4.#'& .M. #-&!" 4 '5 (:2!/& +:%/ % # // %5! :% ! D:%*! – 1991 – `11 – . 59– 62.

5.2! 1,+ . . %2 ' (:2!/& +:%/ D:%*# )14!A%A :#: (2 *1:, ". – 12&%) *+, 1994 .

8.=2(L ! . ., # &! . S. %2 ' )14!A%A :# ( $1;!$, :!2 !$, 4 !A2!;!$: ! 5!*+" )% =:. – (;#: (; , 2000.

(')*+ '+ , , /0 2

( ) , ! , “8 < ”, “3 = - ”, “4 ' ”, “" ”, % , , .

1.

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

! ( &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4 )1214=!5! , C% 4126! &! # 1;! % # ;!L =(4( ! # + “ 4)% 4&% 4% %=% ’'-: :%2# :%6&%A% !&(”. &% # #)!;# &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4 =(*# #-&!51& : ,12:% &%)!2!F '*+& D:%*# (1 2 : &! 5!&&'), )% % (2 2%:# &! 5!&&'), A ;&!-/ (4 2%:# &! 5!&&'), * ,1/,

(& 12 # 1 #.

%2'4 - # &( !*# 0- *-/ 0- B J. %= %, 4-&!5!L + ' #2!-" “ !&% #"” $!2!: 12 % #: ( A ;&!-'$ 5#*# ' 4 #

4 %2'& +: , 1; &!2 '$ – 4 # 4($% 1& !, )% % #$ – 4 # ; C!&.

&( !*# C1 !: -!& 0 ( B ) 9, )2#-&!51& 4*' 1*1;1& !2&%/ % # 1*'& !. #:!*# % )% %* ! %=;161& " : *+:% .

%4&%2 5$ )%5! :% #$ D:%*!$ 4 # &! 5!*# ' 5# ! #, )# ! #, #:%&( ! # ;! 1;! #5& 4 /, %=% ’'-:% #; =(*% # 51&&' !:%&( %6%A%. ! ( 2#;!&&' ,#$

106

D: * (2'4 :%D &1 #4 *' . %;( 1820-$ 2%:!$ ( 41':#$ ; ,1 % '$, ':, &!)2#:*!4, #/ C#& , #:!G + - D:%*#. 2# &!' &% 4 60 4% 120 (5& %4&%A% 5# 1*' 4% %4#*% + 4! ! # + 4% # 1;# -!L;&%A% &! 5!&&'.

2% %:21; 41 !* %2A!&-!, / &! 5!&&' *!&:! 12 +: " D:%* )% &( &F%2;!, G )%4!L 4%:(;1& , :*!41" (5# 1*1; %*%& +:#; ( 1840 2%, . 1 )121* : )214;1 , &1%=$4$ 4*' &! 5!&&' 4 1" -! ;1 %4%; !&:! 12!: 30 )!*#5%: 2%-; 2%; 3 12D:#, 50 4%C15%: D!*:! 4*' !=*#,+. (5& )%4 *'G + ' &! 8 :*! : )12D%:*! :# 5#*# ' )# ! # =(: # )%5! :( &! ) :(, (5& 2–6 :*! )# !*# :21"4%G A2#F1*';# &! 4%C15:!$, ! (5& 7–8 :*! – )12!;# &! )!)12 . 1**+-*!&:! 12 +:! # 1;! &! 5!&&' )2% &( !*! #L %-

1512 +: " 5%*% 5 " )!2!F '*+& " D:%* 4% )12D%/ )%*% # .

2(A#; ()1&1; ( # 1; )%5! :% #$ D: * )% ! !*# (2 2%:# &! 5!&&'). *+: + &! 5!*+$ 4# ,#)* & =(*! -= *+D1&!: !2#F;1 #:!, A1%;1 2 ', -!A!*+&! F-#:!, 1$&%*%A ', )2#2%4! %2 ', A1%A2!F ', 2% " +:!, )%*+ +:!, & ;1,+:!, F2!&,(-+:! ;% #, :21 *1&&', ;!*G !&&', :! 1$ -# . #

% 2#;( !*# &1%=$4& -&!&&' 4)% 4&% 4% /$ !&( ! 2 &' )2%;# *% % , ! !:%6 !: , ': = 4!*# /; -;%A( &! 5! # + ( *-+ 0.

#)( ::# A ;&!-" ;%A*# )2%4% 6# # &! 5!&&' - 0, ': :*G5!*# !: F!:(*+ 1 #: ;%2!*+&%-)%* #5", F-#:%-;! 1;! #5", ;14#5", F *%*%A 5", G2#4#5" %C%.

17 5&' 1805 2%:( =(*% 4:2# % (& 12 # 1 ( !2:% , ':#" :*!4! ' - 4-$ F!:(*+ 1 . 1811 2. - :*!4( (& 12 # 1 ( #4 *# ' )14!A%A 5" & # ( , C% ! %L2 4&%G =!-%G 4*' ) 4A% % :# :!42 #:*!4!5 , )12D -! 1, 4*' !;%A% (& 12 # 1 (, ! -A%4%; – :(-&1G (5# 1*+ +:#$ :!42 4*' :2!/.

2. - ( . , . , . , . )

% 1 %2 55' 2%-)%5!*% ' 4*' !$4&%/ :2!/ 4%=2#;# %-&!:!;#. !6*# %G )%4 LG, ':! %-&!;1&( !*! - %4&%A% =%:( )%5! %: &% %A% :(, ! - 42(A%A% – -!2%461&&' !*%/ &!, %&!*+&%/ # 1;# % #, #' #*% ' )2#"&' ' 1805 2%, D: *+&%A% -!:%&(, ':#" #-&!5# ;1 ( ! -; &! 5!&&', #)# &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4 , )%2'4%: /$ %21&&' ! F(&:, %&( !&&', /$ -!L;%-’'-%: ! -!L;%-!*16& +.

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

4)% 4+ &! 5# *1&& ;1;%2 !*#, C% /$ *! !& %A#*+,+:#" 2!-%; - ;# 2%)%*# %; #$!"*%; 1 #,+:#;, , !2 +:#; &!:!-%; 4 1818 2. (:2!/& +:#$ D:%*!$ 4%-%*1&% =(*% 5# # $ )214;1 (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G, ! ; D!$ D:%*!$ =(*% 141&% (:2!/& +:( ;% ( ': %=% ’'-:% #" )214;1 4*' (:2!/& +:%/

-! 124#*! ,1 % !2# %, !*1 #; )%=!5# ( &+%;( 21!*+&( -!A2%-( :! %*#,#-;( " -!=%2% "%A% 4 '*+& +.

!;!A!G5# + )2# *(A( ! # ' &! )%* ;% %-&! !, A!*#5! 2%=#*# )12D

)2%=# #4! # %2# - A2!;! #:# “2( +:%/” ;% #. 1;!*#" )*# &! " 5! ;!*! )2!,' . %A#*+,+:%A% “* * +S;”, ':! #"D*! 42(:%;, C%)2! 4!, )%*+ +:%G ;% %G, ! "%A% )12D! &!(:% % %=b2(& % !&! “% * +S - - ”. 121;#D* 1834 2. =(*! #)(C1&! & ;1,+:%G ;% %G

A2!;! #:! % #)! 1 #,+:%A%, ! 1846 2. A!*#,+:#" 'C1: % #) %-#& +:#" #4! !; 61 C1 %4&( A2!;! #:( &!2%4&%/ ;% #, !*1 " ,+%A% 2!-( %&! =(*! &!)# !&! &D%G ;% %G – )%*+ +:%G.

%2% +=( -! (:2!/& +:( ;% (, * 12! (2( " D:%*(, #4!&&' :A 2 4&%G ;% %G )2%4% 6#*# 30-$ 2%:!$ !2: '& I!D:1 #5, !& !A#*1 #5 ! @: %*% !,+:#".# %:%% 51& , !: # & )214 ! :# (:2!/& +:%/ & 1* A1&, /, C% %4 &!2%46( !*! ', %2#*# 1832 2. A(2 %:, 4%;#" %2 / ) 4 &!-%G “ :;”, ':#" ! )2% :%; &!, %&!*+&%-:(*+ (2&%A% 42%461&&' &! -!$4&%(:2!/& +:#$ -1;*'$.

!$%)*1& :2! %G 2 4&%/ ;% # " 2 4&%/ ) & , %-&!"%;*1& - 46121*!;# ! &!" 4%; D#;# %2!;# *% ’'& +:#$ * 12! (2, -!%$%51& )12D#;# * 12! (2# " 1 &%A2!F 5# )2!,';#, C% #"D*# -! =2(51;, ;%*%4 )! 2 % # -'*# ' )%D#2# # 41G 2%-%G (:2!/& +:%A% )# +;1& ! 1214 D#2%:#$ :2(A (:2!/& +:%A% A2%;!4'& !. % :*!*# * 12! (2&%-1 &%A2!F 5" !*+;!&!$ “ - ”, )12D1 &!)# !" 6# %G &!2%4&%G ;% %G F%&1 #5 )2! %)# %;. ; !*+;!&!$(, 4% ':%A% "D*! -= 2:! (:2!/& +:#$ &!2%4$ ) 1&+, %2#A &!*+& ) & “:;”, )121:*!4#, %2#5& ) & ! 4%;% )2% *% ’'& +: " (:2!/& +: 2(:%)# #, ! )121*%; ( 4($% &%;( 6# A!*#,+:#$ (:2!/&, , (:!-(G5# &% #" D*'$ 2%-# :( 4*' (:2!/& +:#$ * 12! %2 .

:2 ; 2+%$ &!-!$ -! &% : A(2 :!, 4% &+%A% "D*# !:%6 . *+:% #5 ! . (*+5#,+:#". %-#, / A(2 :! 2%-4 *'*# . #'&% #5 ! . %A#*+,+:#". (2 : , =!A! % -2%=#*# =%2% += -! D:%*( - (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G &! 5!&&', ( 4 %G !&& )2! ! &! &( !&&' (:2!/& +:%/ * 12! (2&%/ ;% #, &!2%461&%/ - 6# %/ ;% # &!2%4$ ;! , -=#2!&& ! # 51&& &!2%4&%/ %25% , )%D#21&& % # 1214 &!2%4(. !:, .I!D:1 #5 :*! %A% 5! ( A!2&( 5# !&:( 4*' D: *+&%/ 4 %2#. )%1 #5&%G :!-:%G “ - ” & -!)%5! :( ! 2%-# %: (:2!/& +:%/ )% &! A!*#,+:%;( A2(& . @. %*% !,+:#" ( 21-(*+ ! %/$ 1 &%A2!F 5$ 4% * 461&+ ) 4A% ( ! 4-%;" -= 2: ) 1&+ A!*#,+:%/ " (A%2 +:%/ :2!/, C% #"D% 42(:%; ( % : -! 4':# -!$%4!; *! ! % #)! %4'& +:%A% 1878 2%, . . '&% #5 )2%4% 6# * 12! (2& 2!4#, / A(2 :!, 214!A(G5# )% ; “% B-: - ” ! -;!*+% (G5# ( %/$ )% '$ -2!-:# =%": +:%A% 6# ' " =("&( 4!5( 12$% #&, .

-! *(A# A(2 : , #; = *+D , C% % -12&(*# ' 4% ;% # )2% %*G44' %" 5! , :%*# #C 12 # A!*#5!& - )%A%24%G ! -&1 !A%G 4# #*# ' &! 1*'&!. '5 A(2 :! ) 4A% ( !*# %" A2(& , &! ':%;( 2%-A%2&(*! ' =%2% +=! -! 2%-# %: (:2!/& +:%/ D:%*# " % # ) 4 5! =(26(!-&%/ 21 %*G, / 1848 2%:(.

3. .

!"= *+D #-&!5 )214 ! :%; :(*+ (2&%-% &+%A% 2($( &! !:!2)! =( + & 3 H. & &!2%4# ' 1* %)%*' &!

2'D C#& ;’/ 'C1:!. *' -!: &51&&' 6A%2%4 +:%/ A ;&!-/ 4($% &%/ 1; &!2 / )2!,G ! 4%;!D& ; 5# 1*1;, #:*!4! 2% " +:( ;% ( 1; &!2 /.

*1: !&42 ! #*+% #5 ! ! %2%; )12D%A% &! !:!2)! &!2%4&%A% =(: !2' – “#-D-; B-/ B ;” (1847), ) 42(5: 4*'

)%5! :% %/ D:%*# - A1%A2!F / ! %2 / (1831), 2% " +:%/ ;% # (1853), ! !:%6 108

“!-/ / - B J B 0” (1857), ':! =(*! )12D#; # 1;! #-% ! ) 42(5:%; - )14!A%A :# 4*' &!2%4$ 5# 1* &1 *#D1 !:!2)! ', ! " &D#$ 21A %& !$4&%/ :2!/.

#$%4'5# - 21!*+$ (;% , . ($&% #5 )2%)%&(L :%6&%;( 1* %=#2! # “D: *+&%A% :(2! %2!”, ':#" =# -=#2! :%D # &! D: *+" =(4#&%:, %)*! ( 5# 1* ! %21&&' D: *+&%A% F%&4( 4*' -!=1-)151&&' #2 4 1" &1-!;%6$ =! +: &! 5!*+# )% =:!;# )2#*!44';.

30–40-$ 2%:!$ . ($&% #5 2%-)%5! &! !:!2)! %G 4 '*+& + – * 12! (2&( ! )14!A%A 5&(. # ()! -! &!2%4& + &! 5!&&', -! &! 5!&&' &! 2 4& " ;% , 4 A2! 1*#:( 2%*+ ( 4:2# = *+D1 70 D: *. !(:( )2% (

)2#'*! )% 'A( (:2!/& +:%A% &! 1*1&&' 4% % # -&!&+. 1-!6!G5# &! ( %) 5" $!2!: 12 )%A*'4 &! D*'$# &!, %&!*+&%-:(*+ (2&%A% 42%461&&' -!:!2)! +:#$ (:2!/&, , *1: !&42 ! #*+% #5 # ()# )!*:#; )% * 4% )%=%2:%; 1*#:%A% =2! 12 ! (:2!/&, , 2% '& ! &D#$ &!2%4 .

#$%4'5# - )2#&,#)( )2#2%4% 4)% 4&% , . ($&% #5 #;!A! 2!$( !&&' :% #$ ! &4# 4(!*+$ % %=*# % 1" #$% !&, . ' #;%A! =(*! % &% %G "%A%

! #*+% #5! )2% 2 &%; 2" 2%-# %: F-#5$ ! & 1*1: (!*+$ #* 4# #. +%;( )2#&,#)( ) 4)%2'4:% ( ! ' -; 2%-(;% %A%, ;%2!*+&%A%, F-#5&%A% ! 2(4% %A% #$% !&&'. 1*#:( ( !A( . ($&% #5 )2#4 *' 2%-2%=, 4#4!: #5$ )2%=*1;. ! )12D1 ; ,1 & )% ! # &!%5& +, )% 21=! ': ", &! "%A% 4(;:(, #)*# !L - :%&:21 &% ;# *1&&' 4# #. *' %A%, C%= 4# #&! &1 -&1 2#*! + ( *! $ #*!$, C%= &1 A!*+;( ! ' // 2%-# %:, * 4 4% 2#;( ! # + )2#&,#)( 4% ()&% ( &! 5!&&

%= 4 # 4%;% -! %G !*# -&!&&', )% 2 =&%, !6! *1: !&42 ! #*+% #5, 2%-# ! # /$&G )-&! !*+&( !: # & +. :! 4(;:# # *% *G !

'*+& + . ($&% #5! =(*! )2';% !&! &! 1, C%= &1 *+:# 4 # ; !, ! " *+ +: 4 #, &1-!*16&% 4 %A% ;! 12 !*+&%A% !&% #C!, ;!*# -;%A( %)!&( ! # &!(:(.

. ($&% #5 &1 *+:# )2#"&' )1214% )14!A%A 5& 41/ %A% 5! (, !*1 " %25% 2%-#&( /$ &! )2#&,#)!$ &!2%4&% , 41;%:2! #-;( ! A(;!&-;(.

. ($&% #5 – %4#& - )12D#$ )2%F1 "$ 51$-)14!A%A &! !$4& " :2!/& , ':%;( &!*16# + 4% %"&1 ; ,1 ( 5#-&'& " %2 / )14!A%A :#.

4. - - A ( . , . , . ).

&1,+ X X . 4-&!5!L + ' )%A*#=*1&&'; :2#-# :2 )% &%/ # 1;# % " +: " ;)12 /, C% -(;% #*% -!A% 21&&' )%* #5&%/ ! 41"&%/ =%2% +=#. !2!: 12&%G % %=*# G , L/ :2#-# !*! %2A!&-!, ' # 1;# % # 4126! . 2(A! )%*% #&! X X . $!2!: 12#-(L + ' &% #;# ' #C!;# %2 / D:%*# &! :2!/& . !&% ! D:%*! )% ()% % )121 %2GL + ' :*! % (, -&!5&% )%D#2GL + '

109

-; % #, -2% !L 2 1&+ )# +;1&&% &! 1*1&&'. A 4&% - 21F%2;%G 1864 2%:( !&% *G !*# + 2# #)# -!A!*+&%% &$ -!:*!4 : &!2%4& (5#*#C!, :*! #5& 21!*+& )2%A ;&!-/, :*! #5& 21!*+& A ;&!-/. ! )12 %4 - 1859 2%:( :2!/& =(*% %2A!&-% !&% 111 =1-:%D % $ &14 *+$ D: *. *' -!=1-)151&&' /$ 2%=% #

%2G !*# + 4)% 4& ) 42(5:#. ,1" 5! )%=!5#*# “% *” . (* D! (1857,1861), “ 'D- :” ! &.

14!A%A 5&! 4(;:! :2!/ : &,' X X . )214 ! *1&! 4%;#;# A2%;!4 +:%- )14!A%A 5# 4 '5!;#, !:#;#, ':: . .I1 51&:%, . .(* D, 1 ' :2!/&:!,

. .%2F, . . (=1&1,+, . . *51 +:! ! &.

!L;&! )%* #5&! %2A!&-!, ' “'- . # <” ( !:! )12 #&&! &!-!) #2#*%-1F%4 / +:%A% % !2# !, -! &% !&! ( A2(4& 1845 2., :*!4!*! ' - 4%;#$ )2%A21 # $ 4 '5 :2!/: . . % %;!2% ! (1817–1888), . . (*!:! (1822–1899), . . *%-12 +:%A% (1825– 1899). % ;, :2 ; . . I1 51&:!, :#2#*%-;1F%4 / ,';# !*# . . !2:1 #5 (1822–1867), . . (* D (1819–1897), . . ! 2%,+:#" (1823–1892) ! &.

1-!6!G5# &! :%2% :%5! &1 &( !&&' (A2(41&+ 1845 2. – =121-1&+ 1847 2.) % !2# !, "%A% (5! :!;# =( #2%=*1" )2#"&' #" “ '-. # <”, ! !:%6 )2%A2!;! – “#- > /- - ” ( 4%; ) 4 &!-%G “F- > D :”), ! “%-”. 2 ; ,+%A%, =(*# ) 4A% % *1& -12&1&&' 4% “ /-;!” ! 4% “ - !”.

#2#*%-;1F%4 / , =(*# %4&% !"# ( :! ( !&& !;%4126! !, :2 )!, !, -!; ;%&!2$/ 21 )(=* :%G D#2%:%/ % # &!2%4(, #-&!&&' &!, %&!*+$ )2! :2!/. &% " 4%:(;1& % !2# ! “F- > D :” :*!4! ' - 63 2-$ -! %= 'A%; ! 1", C% !&% *' + ;%2!*+&%-F *% %F +:( :%&,1), G, ,1& 2 ':%/ – 4%*' &!2%4( :2!/.

*1 % !2# ! )2%)!A( !*# %/ 41/ (5=% #$ -!:*!4!$: % %;!2% ( %/$ *1:, '$ ( #/ +:%;( (& 12 # 1 ; *%-12 +:#" #*+5#:% 1214 #$% !&, %* ! +:%A% 1 2% +:%A% :!41 +:%A% :%2)( (. *1 % !2# ! 4=!*# )2% %21&&' " #4!&&' :%:, 4% ()$ )2% %;( &!2%4% . *' :#2#*%-;1F%4 / , =(*! 5(6%G &!, %&!*+&! -!;:&( + ! &1&! # + 4% &D#$ &!2%4 .

&% & 4%:(;1& # % !2# ! #-&!& ,!2 +:#;# )2# *(6:!;# ': !: , C%

)2';% !& )2% # &(G5%A% *!4(. !2#-; 6%2 %:% )% ' - =2! 5#:!;#.

G (1814–1861) – (:2!/& +:#" )%1 , $(4%6:, ;# *# 1*+. !2%4# ' ( . %2#&,'$ ( ;!L &% '$ )!&! &A1*+A!24 !, - ':#; ( 1831 2%, )121/$! ( 1 12=(2A. 1838 2%, . 2G**% ! .J(:% +:#" #:()#*# "%A% - :2 )!, !. 1845 2%, -!: &5# !:!41; G ;# 1, . 121- 2 : ()# 4% !L;&%/ )%* #5&%/ %2A!&-!, / #2#*%-1F%4 / +:%A% % !2# !. 1847 2%, =( -!!21D % !" # *!" ( %21&=(2-+: 1)# %*4! %;. %;12 ( 1 12=(2-. ! -!)% %; )%$% !" ( !&1 .

. .I1 51&:% & :%*# &1 =( 5# 1*1; &1 )# ! )14!A%A 5$ %2 , :2 ; “ 'D- ”, %4&!: ( =!A! +%$ "%A% 2D!$, )% '$ 42!;!$, (

C%41&:( *# ( !&& - =*#-+:#;# L =!A! % , &$ 4(;%: )2% % ( #$% !&&', ': &1 2! #*# !: (!*+&% +%A%4& . I1 51&:% -! 64# - 1*#:%G *G=% ’G ! # ' 4% 4 1".

44!G5# 2-: " :2# #, %A%5! &( # 1;( #$% !&&', I1 51&:% %4&%5! )2# 2! &% ;2 ' )2% )2! 6&G &!2%4&( D:%*(, ':! 4! !*! = (5&'; ; ,& , A*#=%: -&!&&' #$% ( !*! 4( *G=% 4% 2 4&%/ ;% #. #$%41,+ - &!2%4(, . .I1 51&:% 4 %G ! ;! % ( &!2%4&( % (, :12(G5# + %/; -&!;1 #;: “ 5(6%;( &! 5!" 1 +, %A% &1 ,(2!" 1 +”.

110