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Tillman, D.A. et. al. 1998b. Cofiring Urban Wood Waste with Powder River Basin Coal at the Michigan City Generating Station. Proc. 23rd International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems. ASME-FACT, USDOE, and CSTA. Clearwater, FL. March 9-13. pp. 35-46.

Tillman, D., J. Battista, and E. Hughes. 1998. Cofiring Wood Waste with Coal at the Seward Generating Station. Proc. 23rd International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems. ASME-FACT, USDOE, and CSTA. Clearwater, FL. March 9-13. pp. 371-384.

Tillman, D.A. et. al. 1997. Cofiring Woody Biofuel at the Michigan City Generating Station of Northern Indiana Public Service Company: Results and Analysis. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

Tillman, D.A., R. Stahl, and K. Therkelsen. 1997. Results of Cofiring Wood Waste with Coal at the Colbert Fossil Plant, 1997. Prepared for the Electric Power Research Institute and the U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Technology Center. Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation, Sacramento, CA.

Tillman, D., M. Rollins, L. Reardon, and E. Hughes. 1997. Cofiring Wood Waste for NOx Control in Cyclone Boilers: Identifying the Mechanisms. Proc. Third Biomass Conference of the Americas. Montreal, Que. Aug 24-29. Elsevier Science. pp. 777 – 786.

Tillman, David A. 1997. Biomass Cofiring Guidelines. Electric Power Research Institute Report TR108952. Palo Alto, CA.

Tillman, D.A., L.D. Reardon, and M.L. Rollins. 1996. Cofiring Alternate Fuels in Coal-Fired Cyclone Boilers. Proc. American Flame Research Committee International Symposium: Combustion in Industry – Status and Needs into the 21st Century. Baltimore, MD. September 30 – October 2.

Tillman, D.A., et. al. 1996a. Fuel Blending and Switching for NOx Control Using Biofuels With Coal in Cyclone Boilers. Proc. Biomass Usage for Utility and Industrial Power. Engineering Foundation Conference. Snowbird, UT. April 28 – May 3.

Tillman, D.A. et. al. 1996b. Tri-Firing Wood Waste and Tire-Derived Fuel with Coal in a Cyclone Boiler. Proc. Bioenergy ’96. Nashville, TN. September 15 – 20. pp. 129 – 134.

Tillman, D.A. et. al. 1995. Cofiring Wood Waste and Coal in Cyclone Boilers: Test Results and Prospectus. Proc. Second Biomass Conference of the Americas. Portland, OR. August 21 – 24. pp. 3821 – 389.

Tillman, D.A. 1994. Trace Metals in Combustion Systems. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

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Tillman, D.A. and D.E. Prinzing. 1994. Fundamental Biofuel Characteristics Impacting Coal-Biomass Cofiring. Proc. The Effects of Coal Quality on Power Plants: Fourth International Conference. Charleston, SC. August 17-24.

Tillman, D.A., E. Hughes, and B. Gold. 1993. Cofiring of Biofuels in Coal Fired Boilers: Results of Case Study Analysis. Proc. First Biomass Conference of the Americas. Aug 30 – Sep 2. Burlington, VT. pp. 368-381.

Tillman, D.A. et. al. 1993. Wood Fuel Cofiring at TVA Power Plants, Vol I: Retrofitting Existing Boilers to Cofire Wood Fuel. Electric Power Research Institute. Palo Alto, CA. Report TR-103830.

Tillman, D.A. 1991. The Combustion of Solid Fuels and Wastes. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Tillman, D.A. and C. Leone. 1990. Control of Trace Metals in Flyash at the Tacoma, Washington Multifuels Incinerator. Proc. American Flame Research Committee 1990 Fall International Symposium: NOx Control, Waste Incineration, and Oxygen Enriched Combustion. San Francisco. Oct 8-10.

Tillman, D.A. and W.R. Smith. 1982. Evolution of Volatiles from the Pyrolysis of Red Alder Bark. Presented at the Forest Products Research Society Annual Meeting, St. Paul, Minnesota, June 24, 1982.

Tillman, David A. 1978. Wood as an Energy Resource. Academic Press. New York.

Tillman, David A. 1977. Combustible Renewable Resources. CHEMTECH. 7(10): 611-615.

Utility Data Institute, 1996. Power Plant Equipment Directory, 2nd Ed. Utility Data Institute, Washington, D.C. (UDI 2055-96)

Walsh, M.E. and D. Becker. 1996. Biocost: A Software Program to Estimate the Cost of Producing Bioenergy Crops. Proc. Bioenergy 96. Nashville, TN. Sep 15 – 20. pp. 480-486.

Wiltsee, G. 1998. Advanced Biomass Technology Characterizations, Status, and Lessons Learned. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto CA.

Wright, L. and J.H. Cushman. 1997. A National Research and Development Strategy for Biomass Crop Feedstocks. Proc. Third Biomass Congress of the Americas. Montreal, Que, Canada. Aug 24-29. pp. 109-120.

Zamansky, V.M., P.M. Maly, V.V. Lissianski, and M.C. Freeman. 1998. Development of Biomass Reburning Technologies. Proc. Bioenergy ’98. Madison, WI. Oct 4-8. pp. 327-336.

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APPENDIX A. SELECTED ACRONYMS

 

 

Acronym

Definition

A

Pre-exponential constant in Arrhenius equation

CCCT

Combined cycle combustion turbine

CO

Carbon monoxide

CO2

Carbon dioxide

CTMP

Chemi-Thermomechanical Pulping

E

Activation energy in Arrhenius equation

EE-RE

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, USDOE

EJ

Exajoule (1018 J)

EO2

Excess O2 in gaseous combustion products

EPRI

Electric Power Research Institute

FEGT

Furnace exit gas temperature

FETC

Federal Energy Technology Center, now NETL

FN

Fuel nitrogen

GJ

Gigajoule

Hg

Mercury

HGI

Hardgrove Grindability index

Kpph

Thousand pounds per hour (typically of main steam)

kWh

Kilowatt-hour

LOI

Loss on ignition (treated as approximately equal to unburned carbon) in

 

flyash

MG&E

Madison Gas & Electric

MJ

Megajoule

MWe

Megawatt electric

MWth

Megawatt thermal

MWh

Megawatt-hour

NETL

National Energy Technology Laboratory, USDOE

NIPSCO

Northern Indiana Public Service Company (Part of NiSource)

NOx

Oxides of Nitrogen (including NO, NO2, N2O)

NYSEG

New York State Electric and Gas

NYSERDA

New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

PC

Pulverized Coal

 

 

PDF

Paper-derived fuel

 

 

PRB

Powder River Basin

 

 

RDF

Refuse-derived fuel

ROW

Right-of-way (applies to trimmings from right-of-way maintenance)

SO2

Sulfur dioxide

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SO3

Sulfur trioxide

SOFA

Separated overfire air system

SRWC

Short Rotation Woody Crop

TDF

Tire-derived fuel

THC

Total hydrocarbon emissions

TMP

Thermomechanical Pulping

TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority

UBC

Unburned carbon (typically in flyash; see LOI)

UDI

Utility Data Institute

USDOE

U.S. Department of Energy

V/FC

Ratio of volatile matter to fixed carbon from the proximate analysis

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