Ginzburg-Lexicology
.pdfMATERIAL FOR REFERENCE
Ахманова О. С. и др. Принципы и методы лексикологии как социолингвистической дисциплины. М., 1971.
Амосова Н. Н. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка. М., 1956.
Амосова Н. Н. Английская контекстология. Л., 1968. Амосова Н. Н. Основы английской фразеологии. Л., 1963.
Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка. 2-е изд.. М., 1973. Арнольд И. В. Семантическая структура слова в современном английском языке
и методика ее исследования. Л., 1966. Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод. М., 1975.
Беляева Г. М., Потапова И. А. Английский язык за пределами Англии. Л., 1961. Вопросы учебной лексикографии. Под ред. Денисова П. Н. и Новикова Л. А. М.,
1969.
Горелик Ц. С. Адъективные словосочетания в современном английском языке.
М., 1967.
Каращук П. М. Словообразование английского языка. М., 1977. Кубрякова Е. С. Что такое словообразование. М., 1965. Кубрякова Е. С. Основы морфологического анализа. М., 1974.
Кузнецова А. И. Понятие семантической системы языка и методы ее исследова-
ния. М., 1963.
Кунин А. В. Английская фразеология. М., 1970.
Кунин А. В. Фразеология современного английского языка. М., 1972. Медникова Э. М. Значение слова и методы его описания. М., 1974.
Мешков О. Д. Словообразование современного английского языка. М., 1976. Новое в лингвистике. Вып. 6. «Языковые контакты». М., 1972.
Смирницкий А. И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956. Степанова М. Д. Методы синхронного анализа лексики. М., 1968. Ступин Л. П. Словари современного английского языка. Л., 1973. Уфимцева А. А. Слово в лексико-семантической системе языка. М., 1969. Уфимцева А. А. Типы словесных знаков. М., 1974.
Фрумкина Р. М. Статистические методы и стратегия лингвистического исследования. Изв. АН СССР, серия лит. и яз., т. 34, № 2, 1975.
Хидекель С. С. Гинзбург Р. 3., Князева Г. Ю., Санкин А. А. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Л., 2-е изд., 1975.
Швейцер А. Д. Литературный английский язык в США и Англии. М., 1971. Швейцер А. Д. Очерк современного английского языка в США. М., 1963. Шмелёв Д. Н. Проблемы семантического анализа лексики. М., 1973. ‘ Щерба Л. В. Опыт общей теории лексикографии. Изв. АН СССР, ОЛЯ, № 3, 1944.
Adams V. An Introduction to Modern English Word Formation. L., 1973. Akhmanova O. (ed.) Lexicology: Theory and Method. M., 1972. Antal L. Questions of Meaning. The Hague, 1963. Bierwisch M. Semantics in New Horizons in Linguistics, L., 1972. Firth J. R. Papers in Linguistics, 1934 — 1951. L., 1964. Fries Ch. The Structure of English. N. Y., 1953. Galperin I. R. Stylistics. M., 1971. Garvin P. On Linguistic Method. The Hague, 1964.
Ginzburg R., Knidekel S., Mednikova E., Sankin A. Verbal Collocations in Modern English. M., 1975.
Guiraud P. Problèmes et méthodes de la statistique linguistique. Paris, 1959. Hockett Ch. F. A. Course in Modern Linguistics. N. Y., 1960. Jespersen 0. Growth and Structure of the English Language. Leipzig, 1938. Jespersen O. Language, Its Nature, Development and Origin. L. — N. Y., 1934. Katz J. J. Semantic Theory. N. Y., 1972.
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Lado R. Linguistics across Cultures. The University of Michigan, 1957. Leech G. H. Semantics. L., 1974.
Leisi E. Der Wortinhalt, seine Struktur in Deutschen und Englischen. 2. Auflage, Heidelberg, 1961.
Lexicography in English. (ed.) Raven I. McDavid, Jr. Audrey R. Duckert. N. Y., 1973. Lyons J. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge University Press, 1975. Marchand H. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation,
2nd ed. Wiesbaden, 1969.
Marchand H. Studies in Syntax and Word-Formation. Munich, 1974. Mounin G. Clefs pour la sémantique. Paris, 1972.
Nickel Gerhard (ed.) Papers in Contrastive Linguistics, Cambridge, 1971. Nida E. Componental Analysis of Meaning. Mouton, 1975.
Nida E. Morphology, a Descriptive Analysis of Words. Ann. Arbor, 1946. Ogden С. К. Richards I. E. The Meaning of Meaning. L., 1964.
Osgood С.E., Suci G. J. The Measurement of Meaning. USA; 1965. Poter S. Modern Linguistics. Ldn., 1957.
Sheard Dr. A. The Words We Use. L., 1962.
Soboleva P. A. Derivational Structure of the Russian Lexicon, Trends in Soviet Theoretical Linguistics. Ed. by F. Kiefer. Holland, 1973.
Southworth F. C. and Daswani Ch. J. Foundations of Linguistics. N. Y., 1974. Stern G. Meaning and Change of Meaning with Special Reference to the English
Language. Göteborg, 1932.
Ullmann S. Semantics. An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford, 1962. Vinay J. P., Darbelnet J. Stylistique comparée du français et de l'anglais. Paris, 1958.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS |
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Page , |
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Preface to the First Edition ........................................................................... |
3 |
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Preface to the Second Edition ....................................................................... |
5 |
I. |
INTRODUCTION |
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§ 1. Definition. Links with Other Branches of Linguistics.............................. |
7 |
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§ 2. Two Approaches to Language Study ...................................................... |
7 |
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§ 3. Lexicology and Sociolinguistics............................................................. |
8 |
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§ 4. Lexical Units..................................................................................... . |
9 |
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§ 5. Varieties of Words................................................................................. |
10 |
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§ 6. Course of Modern English Lexicology. Its Aims and Significance . ........ |
11 |
II. |
SEMASIOLOGY |
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Word-Meaning |
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§ 1. Referential Approach to Meaning........................................................... |
13 |
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§ 2. Meaning in the Referential Approach..................................................... |
16 |
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§ 3. Functional Approach to Meaning ........................................................... |
17 |
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§ 4. Relation Between the Two Approaches .................................................. |
18 |
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Types of Meaning |
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§ 5. Grammatical Meaning ........................................................................... |
18 |
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§ 6. Lexical Meaning ................................................................................... |
19 |
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§ 7. Part-of-speech Meaning ........................................................................ |
19 |
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§ 8. Denotational and Connotational Meaning .............................................. |
20 |
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§ 9. Emotive Charge .................................................................................... |
21 |
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§ 10. Stylistic Reference............................................................................... |
21 |
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§ 11. Emotive Charge and Stylistic Reference............................................... |
22 |
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§ 12. Summary and Conclusions................................................................... |
22 |
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Word-Meaning and Meaning in Morphemes |
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§ 13. Lexical Meaning.................................................................................. |
23 |
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§ 14. Functional (Part-of-speech) Meaning ................................................... |
24 |
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§ 15. Differential Meaning........................................................................... |
24 |
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§ 16. Distributional Meaning........................................................................ |
25 |
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Word-Meaning and Motivation |
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§ 17. Morphological Motivation................................................................... |
25 |
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§ 18. Phonetical Motivation ......................................................................... |
26 |
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§ 19. Semantic Motivation ........................................................................... |
27 |
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§ 20. Summary and Conclusions................................................................... |
27 |
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Change of Meaning |
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§ 21. Causes of Semantic Change................................................................. |
29 |
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§ 22. Nature of Semantic Change ................................................................. |
30 |
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§ 23. Results of Semantic Change ................................................................ |
31 |
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§ 24. Interrelation of Causes, Nature and Results of Semantic Change |
32 |
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§ 25. Summary and Conclusions .................................................................. |
33 |
264
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Meaning and Polysemy |
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§ 26. Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words.......................................... |
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33 |
§ 27. Diachronic Approach .......................................................................... |
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34 |
§ 28. Synchronic Approach.......................................................................... |
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35 |
§ 29. Historical Changeability of Semantic Structure .................................... |
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36 |
§ 30. Polysemy and Arbitrariness of Semantic Structure ............................... |
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37 |
§ 31. Summary and Conclusions ............................................................... |
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38 |
Polysemy and Homonymy |
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§ 32. Homonymy of Words and Homonymy of Word-Forms ........................ |
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39 |
§ 33. Classification of Homonyms ............................................................... |
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40 |
§ 34. Some Peculiarities of Lexico-Grammatical Homonymy ....................... |
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41 |
§ 35. Graphic and Sound-Form of Homonyms ............................................. |
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42 |
§ 36. Sources of Homonymy........................................................................ |
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42 |
§ 37. Polysemy and Homonymy: Etymological and Semantic Criteria |
43 |
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§ 38. Formal Criteria: Distribution and Spelling ........................................... |
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44 |
§ 39. Summary and Conclusions ............................................................... |
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45 |
Word-Meaning in Syntagmatics and Paradigmatics |
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§ 40. Polysemy and Context......................................................................... |
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47 |
§ 41. Lexical Context.................................................................. |
- ............... |
48 |
§ 42. Grammatical Context .......................................................................... |
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49 |
§ 43. Extra-Linguistic Context (Context of Situation) ................................... |
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50 |
§ 44. Common Contextual Associations. Thematic Groups........................ |
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50 |
Meaning Relations in Paradigmatics and Semantic Classification of Words |
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§ 45. Conceptual (or Semantic) Fields.......................................................... |
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51 |
§ 46. Hyponymic (Hierarchical) Structures and Lexico-semantic Groups |
53 |
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§ 47. Semantic Equivalence and Synonymy ................................................. |
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55 |
§ 48. Criteria of Synonymity........................................................................ |
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57 |
§ 49. Patterns of Synonymic Sets in Modern English .................................... |
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58 |
§ 50. Semantic Contrasts and Antonymy ..................................................... |
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59 |
§ 51. Semantic Similarity of Morphemes and Word-Families..................... |
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61 |
§ 52. Summary and Conclusions .............................................................. |
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62 |
III. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS |
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Some Basic Features of Word-Groups |
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§ 1. Lexical Valency (Collocability).......................................................... |
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64 |
§ 2. Grammatical Valency ,....................................................................... |
66 |
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Structure of Word-Groups |
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§ 3. Distribution as a Criterion of Classification......................................... |
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67 |
Meaning of Word-Groups |
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§ 4. Lexical Meaning.................................................................................... |
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68 |
§ 5. Structural Meaning ............................................................................... |
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69 |
§ 6. Interrelation of Lexical and Structural Meaning in Word-Groups |
69 |
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Interdependence of Structure and Meaning in Word-Groups |
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§ 7. Syntactic Structure (Formula) and Pattern of Word-Groups . . . |
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70 |
§ 8. Polysemantic and Monosemantic Patterns .................................................................. |
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71 |
§ 9. Motivation in Word-Groups .......................................................................................... |
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71 |
§ 10, Summary and Conclusions ......................................................................................... |
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72 |
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265 |
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Phraseological Units |
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§ 11. Free Word-Groups, Versus Set-Phrases. Phraseological Units, Idioms, |
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Word-Equivalents.............................................................................. |
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74 |
§ 12. Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity) . . . |
74 |
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§ 13. Classification....................................................................................... |
|
75 |
§ 14. Some Debatable Points ........................................................................ |
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76 |
§ 15. Criterion of Function ........................................................................... |
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79 |
§ 16. Phraseological Units and Idioms Proper................................................ |
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80 |
§ 17. Some Debatable Points ........................................................................ |
|
81 |
§ 18. Criterion of Context............................................................................. |
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82 |
§ 19. Some Debatable Points ........................................................................ |
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83 |
§ 20. Phraseology as a Subsystem of Language............................................. |
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84 |
§ 21. Some Problems of the Diachronic Approach......................................... |
86 |
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§ 22. Summary and Conclusions................................................................... |
|
88 |
IV. WORD-STRUCTURE |
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§ 1. Segmentation of Words into Morphemes ............................................... |
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89 |
§ 2. Principles of Morphemic Analysis. Types of Word Segmentability |
89 |
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§ 3. Classification of Morphemes ................................................................. |
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92 |
§ 4. Procedure of Morphemic Analysis ........................................................ |
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94 |
§ 5. Morphemic Types of Words .................................................................. |
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95 |
§ 6. Derivative Structure .............................................................................. |
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95 |
§ 7. Derivative Relations.............................................................................. |
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96 |
§ 8. Derivational Bases...................................................................... |
. . |
97 |
§ 9. Derivational Affixes .............................................................................. |
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100 |
§ 10. Semi-Affixes....................................................................................... |
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102 |
§ 11. Derivational Patterns ................................. |
,......................................... |
103 |
§ 12. Derivational Types of Words ............................................................... |
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104 |
§ 13. Historical Changeability of Word-Structure |
......................................... |
105 |
§ 14. Summary and Conclusions................................................................... |
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106 |
V. WORD-FORMATION |
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Various Ways of Forming Words |
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§ 1. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words .......................................... |
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108 |
§ 2. Word-Formation. Definition» Basic Peculiarities ................................... |
109 |
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§ 3. Word-Formation as the Subject of Study . . ............................................ |
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111 |
§ 4. Productivity of Word-Formation Means ................................................ |
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112 |
§ 5. Summary and Conclusions .................................................................... |
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114 |
Affixation |
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§ 6. Definition. Degree of Derivation. Prefixal and Suffixal Derivatives |
114 |
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§ 7. Prefixation. Some Debatable Problems .................................................. |
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115 |
§ 8. Classification of Prefixes..................................................... |
. . . . . |
117 |
§ 9. Suffixation. Peculiarities of Some Suffixes............................................. |
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119 |
§ 10. Main Principles of Classification ......................................................... |
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120 |
§ 11. Polysemy and Homonymy .................................................................. |
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121 |
§ 12. Synonymy........................................................................................... |
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122 |
§ 13. Productivity ........................................................................................ |
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123 |
§ 14. Origin of derivational affixes ............................................................... |
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125 |
§ 15. Summary and Conclusions............................................................ |
. |
126 |
Conversion |
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§ 16. Definition............................................................................................ |
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127 |
§ 17. Synchronic Approach .......................................................................... |
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130 |
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§ 18. Typical Semantic Relations ................................................................. |
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131 |
§ 19. Basic Criteria of Semantic Derivation .................................................. |
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133 |
§ 20. Diachronic Approach of Conversion. Origin ........................................ |
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136 |
§ 21. Productivity. Traditional and Occasional Conversion. . . . . . . |
138 |
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§ 22. Conversion and Sound-(Stress-) Interchange........................................ |
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139 |
§ 23. Summary and Conclusions . . . ............................................................ |
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140 |
Word-Composition |
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§ 24. Compounding ..................................................................................... |
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140 |
§ 25. Structure............................................................................................. |
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141 |
§ 26. Meaning ............................................................................................. |
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143 |
§ 27. Structural Meaning of the Pattern ........................................................ |
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144 |
§ 28. The Meaning of Compounds. Motivation ............................................ |
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145 |
§ 29. Classification...................................................................................... |
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146 |
§ 30. Relations between the ICs of Compounds ............................................ |
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146 |
§ 31. Different Parts of Speech .................................................................... |
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147 |
§ 32. Means of Composition ........................................................................ |
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148 |
§ 33. Types of Bases.................................................................................... |
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149 |
§ 34. Correlation between Compounds and Free Phrases .............................. |
151 |
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§ 35. Correlation Types of Compounds ....................................................... |
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154 |
§ 36. Sources of Compounds........................................................................ |
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158 |
§ 37. Summary and Conclusions ................................................................. |
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158 |
VI. ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH WORD-STOCK |
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§ 1. Some Basic Assumptions...................................................................... |
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160 |
Words of Native Origin |
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§ 2. Semantic Characteristics and Collocability ............................................ |
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162 |
§ 3. Derivational Potential ........................................................................... |
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162 |
§ 4. Summary and Conclusions.................................................................... |
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164 |
Borrowings |
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§ 5. Causes and Ways of Borrowing............................................................. |
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164 |
§ 6. Criteria of Borrowings ................................ . |
■ .................................. |
165 |
§ 7. Assimilation of Borrowings................................................................... |
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166 |
§ 8. Phonetic, Grammatical and Lexical Assimilation of Borrowings |
167 |
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§ 9. Degree of Assimilation and Factors Determining It................................ |
170 |
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§ 10. Summary and Conclusions .................................................................. |
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170 |
Interrelation between Native and Borrowed Elements |
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§ 11. The Role of Native and Borrowed Elements ........................................ |
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171 |
§ 12. Influence of Borrowings...................................................................... |
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172 |
§ 13. Summary and Conclusions .................................................................. |
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175 |
VII. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF VOCABULARY UNITS AND REPLENISHMENT |
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OFMODERN ENGLISH WORD-STOCK |
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Interdependence of Various Aspects of the Word |
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§ 1. Notional and Form Words ..................................................................... |
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176 |
§ 2. Frequency, Polysemy and Structure ...................................................... |
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177 |
§ 3. Frequency and Stylistic Reference......................................................... |
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178 |
§ 4. Frequency, Polysemy and Etymology.................................................... |
|
179 |
§ 5. Frequency and Semantic Structure ........................................................ |
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180 |
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267 |
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Replenishment of Modern English Vocabulary |
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§ 6. Development of Vocabulary ................................................................. |
180 |
§ 7. Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of New Vocabulary Units |
183 |
Ways and Means of Enriching the Vocabulary |
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§ 8. Productive Word-Formation . ............................................................... |
184 |
§ 9. Various Ways of Word-Creation ........................................................... |
187 |
§ 10. Borrowing .......................................................................................... |
191 |
§ 11. Semantic Extension............................................................................. |
193 |
Number of Vocabulary Units in Modern English |
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§ 12. Some Debatable Problems of Lexicology ............................................ |
195 |
§ 13. Intrinsic Heterogeneity of Modern English .......................................... |
196 |
§ 14. Number of Vocabulary Items in Actual Use and Number of Vocabulary Units |
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in Modern English ............................................................................. |
197 |
§ 15. Summary and Conclusions » .............................................................. |
198 |
VIII. VARIANTS AND DIALECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE |
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The Main Variants of the English Language |
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§ 1. General Characteristics of the English Language in Different Parts of |
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the English-Speaking World ................................................................ |
200 |
§ 2. Lexical Differences of Territorial Variants ............................................. |
202 |
§ 3. Some Points of History of the Territorial Variants and Lexical Interchange Be- |
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tween Them ........................................................................................ |
205 |
Local Varieties in the British Isles and the USA |
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§ 4. Local Dialects in the British Isles .......................................................... |
206 |
§ 5. The Relationship Between the English National Language and |
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British Local Dialects.......................................................................... |
207 |
§ 6. Local Dialects in the USA ..................................................................... |
208 |
§ 7. Summary and Conclusions..................................................................... |
209 |
IX. FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY |
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Main Types of English Dictionaries |
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§ 1. Encyclopaedic and Linguistic Dictionaries ............................................ |
210 |
§ 2. Classification of Linguistic Dictionaries ................................................ |
211 |
§ 3. Explanatory Dictionaries ....................................................................... |
213 |
§ 4. Translation Dictionaries ........................................................................ |
213 |
§ 5. Specialised Dictionaries ........................................................................ |
214 |
Some Basic Problems of Dictionary-Compiling |
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§ 6. The Selection of Lexical Units for Inclusion .......................................... |
216 |
§ 7. Arrangement of Entries...................................................................... . |
218 |
§ 8. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings ............................................... |
219 |
§ 9. Definition of Meanings . ...................................................................... |
220 |
§ 10. Illustrative Examples........................................................................... |
221 |
§ 11. Choice of Adequate Equivalents ......................................................... |
222 |
§ 12. Setting of the Entry , .......................................................................... |
222 |
§ 13. Structure of the Dictionary ................................................................. |
225 |
268 |
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Learner’s Dictionaries and Some Problems of Their Compilation |
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§ 14. Main Characteristic Features of Learner’s Dictionaries......................... |
226 |
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§ 15. Classification of Learner’s Dictionaries ............................................... |
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227 |
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§ 16. |
Selection of Entry Words..................................................................... |
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229 |
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§ 17. |
Presentation of Meanings .................................................................... |
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230 |
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§ 18. |
Setting of the Entry ............................................................................ |
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232 |
§ 19. |
Summary and Conclusions ................................................................ |
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233 |
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X. METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS |
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§ 1. Contrastive Analysis , ........................................................................... |
234 |
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§ 2. Statistical Analysis . . . |
....................................................................... |
242 |
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§ 3. Immediate Constituents Analysis........................................................... |
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245 |
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§ 4. Distributional Analysis and Co-occurrence ............................................ |
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246 |
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§ 5. Transformational Analysis...................................... |
'.............................. |
251 |
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§ 6. Componental Analysis .......................................................................... |
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254 |
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§ 7. Method of Semantic Differential............................................................ |
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259 |
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§ 8. Summary and Conclusions.................................................................... |
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261 |
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Material for Reference |
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, . . . |
262 |
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