- •Aspiration. Degrees of Aspiration.
- •Sound Drills.
- •1. Practise different degrees of aspiration in the following words:
- •In a department store
- •Leisure
- •Loss of Plosion.
- •Sound Drills.
- •3. Practise the following fragments of connected speech focusing on loss of plosion.
- •Nasal Plosion.
- •Sound Drills.
- •Duty of the student
- •Lateral Plosion
- •Sound Drills
- •1. Pronounce the following words and phrases observing lateral plosion.
- •2. Practise lateral plosion in connected speech.
- •Fricative Plosion.
- •1. Pronounce the following words and phrases observing close coarticulation of plosive and fricative consonants.
- •2. Practise fricative plosion in connected speech.
- •To a False Friend
- •Making a Cake
- •Alveolar consonants before [0, 8].
- •Sound Drills
- •1. Practice the following words and phrases. Be sure to make the sounds [t, d, n, l, s, z] dental before [0] and [8]
- •2. Practise the clusters of alveolar consonants preceding [0, 8] in connected speech.
- •Boiled Eggs
- •Sonants
- •General Remarks
- •1. Modifications of the length of English sonants.
- •2. The syllabic function of the sonants in English
- •3. Devoicing of the sonants.
- •Consonant sounds that link words.
- •Linking [r]
- •Consonantal glides [w] and [j]
- •Sound Drills.
- •1. Practise the linking [r], [w] and [j] at the junction of words. Be sure to make the glides [w] and [j] sound very short.
- •2. Practise linking at word-boundaries in connected speech.
- •Rain dying out
- •Combinations of consonants with [w]
- •Sound Drills.
- •1. Practice the following words and phrases observing assimilation in the consonant clusters with [w]
- •2. Practise consonant clusters with [w] in connected speech.
- •Consonant clusters with [r]
- •Sound Drills.
- •1. Practice the following words and phrases observing assimilation in the consonant clusters with [r]
- •1) Complete devoicing of [r]
- •2) Partial devoicing of [r]
- •3) Double assimilation
- •2. Practise consonant clusters with [r] in connected speech.
- •Airport announcements.
- •Travelling by train.
- •Absence of assimilation in some consonant clusters.
- •No assimilation according to the place or manner of articulation of English consonants
- •No assimilation according to the work of the vocal cords
- •Sound Drills.
- •2. Practise the difficult consonant clusters in the following contexts. Observe absence of assimilation.
- •Monday’s child
- •The House That Jack Built
- •A vacant seat
Sound Drills.
1. Pronounce the following words and phrases. Avoid wrong assimilation in the difficult clusters keeping the adjacent consonants distinctly different.
a) the clusters [0 – s, 8 – s, s – 0, s – 8, z – 8, z – 0]
myths maths deaths depths months two-fifths three-sixths |
breathes paths baths booths truths bathes oaths |
[s – 0] |
this thing, a serious theme, an obvious threat, Pete’s thoughts, notorious thieves, Elisabeth’s things, to express thanks, to practise theft, it’s thrilling, it’s thoughtless; |
[0 – s] |
both sides, the tenth sample, the fifth sort, the seventh sin, worth seeing, beneath some trees, both so thick; |
[s – 8] |
less than, impress them, press the button, cross the road, pass the salad, to miss the seminar, to discuss the details, to express the thought, what’s the time; |
[8 – s] |
to breath smoke, to soothe suffering, with sorrow, with some difficulty, to loathe sad songs, to clothe some families; |
[z – 0] |
his thigh, has thrown, runs through, these thoughts, those theories, under smb’s thumb, it was thoughtful; |
[z – 8] |
is there, as though, use the data, close the door, praize the child, to ease the burden, to lose the address |
b) the clusters [v – 8, f – 8, v – 0, f – 0]
both of them part of the time half of the group one of the family the rest of the students neither of the coursebooks at the end of the month in the middle of the room |
a grave threat unprossive thanks positive thinking to remove thorns to prove theorems that kind of thing the five-thirty train the twelve-thirteen flight |
half that size if they could |
Cardiff theatres theftproof things |
c) the clusters [v – w, f – w]
a glass of water a bottle of whisky a tumbler of wine a piece of white bread a pile of wet clothes a cup of warm milk a bunch of white lilies a pair of worn-out shoes a basket of wonderful fruit |
driveway five windows twelve white sheets of paper a lot of wide avenues a fortnight of wet weather to give wise advice to receive warm letters to receive wide recognition to leave wonderful memoirs to have what you need |
halfway
half wasted
enough water
a safe winner
Jeff wants
Rufe went
Stef wonders
the wolf wondered
if we do it
to be stiff with cold
d) voiced consonants before voiceless ones
absent abstract absolute obstacle obstinate lobster absurd absorb abhor substance subsidy substitute obstruction |
bedside foodstuffs medicine headstand windsurfing dreadful handful headphones hardship adhere bloodshot drugstore pigskin |
red-handed kind-hearted old-fashioned plaque-stricken |
[b] |
to bribe policeman, suburb taxies, superb coats, Bob cheated, to describe facts, to rub some cream, to prescribe some medicine, to rob shops, to grab things, to sob heavily |
[d] |
a skilled pilot, threatened to resign, a hard cover, a food crisis, a mild chuckle, toasted cheese, the ground floor, a reward for something, a required sum, a cold shower, to read thoroughly, field hospitals |
[g] |
rag paper, a drug pusher, bulldog tenacity, a log canoe, to jog cheerfully, to dig flowers, a drugstore, a smug smile, zigzag shadows, vague thoughts, a big house, to hug hosts |
[d5] |
bridge parties, page ten, to lodge complaints, a large chair, a change for the better, the luggage found there, to stage ceremonies, orange shadows, passage through country, charge him strictly |
[v] |
to live peacefully, to move to and fro, to love coffee with milk, five children, to save from damage, to have sympathy, twelve shows, to prove theorems, to leave Holland |
[z] |
to raise prices, is tiresome, please come, his chief, a traveller’s check, a wise choice, was founded, has found, these students, those schedules, to lose sight of, as thin as a rake, to lose hopes |
[8] |
to soothe pain, booth ten, with kindness, to bathe cheerfully, to loathe falsehood, breathe slower, clothe cherry, with thin thread, to breathe heavily |
e) voiceless consonants before voiced ones
stepdaughter stepbrother textbook dustbin hot-dogs blackboard background dark-green matchbox watchdog |
lifebelt off-day baseball disdain disbelief disgusting misgiving mothball southbound |
dashboard washbasin |
[p] |
stop beating, a cheap book, an escape door, jump down, deep gratitude, a sharp jaw, type this, keep them |
[t] |
an urgent business, an accurate balance, an exact date, a hot debate, sit down, a front garden, the first grade, a striped jacket, a strict judgement, ardent zeal, absolute zero, write this, test them, to meet the requirements |
[k] |
a sick baby, to drink beer, a heroic deed, a historic date, a frank glance, dark glass, a back garden, to like jam, a fantastic journey, a climatic zone, to make zigzags, take this, look there, lock the door, break the ice |
[t4] |
each bottle, which data, rich guests, such justice, reach zone ‘Z’, to watch zebras, fetch this, teach the children, to catch the train, switch them off |
[f] |
a safe bank, half baked, a stiff bow, a safe distance, a fireproof door, a deaf girl, a rough guess, a brief joy, brief the staff, stuff the fish |
[s] |
to pass by, a false bulletin, a peace demonstration, a nameless grave, a cancerous growth, this job, a ruthless joke, religious zeal, a serious genre, kiss them, to produce the sound, to increase the tempo |
[0] |
both brothers, worth discussing, the fourth gate, the tenth jump, the ninth gentlemen, both zones, is worth the effort |
[4] |
childish babble, a lush beauty, unselfish deeds, a girlish giggle, a foolish jesture, cash the check, brush these shoes |