5. Пользуясь таблицей 11, (стр. 277) ответьте на вопрос:

Какие английские слова употребляются для замены ранее упомянутых существительных в единственном и во множественном числе во избежание их повторения.

6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова ‘one—ones’, ‘that — those’:

1.1 don’t like this book, give me another one. 2. The bones of the extremities are longer than those of the spine. 3. The bones of the skull are those which compose the head and the face. 4. This lecture is more interesting than the one I attended last week. 5, The weight of the lung is less than that of the heart.

7. Запомните произношение следующих слов. Какие из этих слов вам уже знакомы в латинском языке?

vascular [‘vseskjub] сосудистый

pericardium [,pen’ka:diam] околосердечная сумка (перикард)

apex [‘eipeks] верхушка interspace [‘mt3(:)’speis] промежуток costal [‘kosti] реберный septum I’septam] перегородка atrium [‘eitnamj предсердие ventricle [‘ventnki] желудочек valve [‘vaelv] клапан

fibrous [‘faibras] волокнистый, фиброзный systemic [sis’temik] системный pulmonary [‘рл1тэпап] легочный

portal [’po:tl] воротной, относящийся к воротной вене (портальный)

8. Выучите следующие слова: inner [Чпэ] а внутренний

within [wi’5in] ргр внутри; adii внутрь

include [in’klu:d] v заключать, содержать в себе, включать

male [meil] и мужчина

female [Ti:meil] и женщина

separate [‘seprit] а отдельный; v [‘separeit] отделять(ся) chamber [‘tjeimba] и камера

thick [9ik] а толстый, большой толщины; плотный; густой layer [‘leis] и слой; листок (плевры)

locate [lou’keit] v расположить; определять местонахождение

carry [‘kaeri] v нести, носить; переносить (о болезни)

lung [1лг)] и легкое

liver [‘livs] и печень

coat [kout] и оболочка, налет

dilate [dai’leit] v расширяться); увеличиться); растягивать(ся) contract [кэп’ traekt] v сокращаться)

9. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. chamber [’tjeimba]: the heart consists of two separate chambers; the right atrium [‘eitriam] and the right ventricle are in the right chamber;

2. thick [9ik]: a thick wall; thick layer the walls of the left atrium are thick; the left ventricle has thick walls;

3. pulmonary [‘рл1тэпэп]: pulmonary artery, pulmonary circulation; pulmonary disease; pulmonary function; pulmonary valve;

4. dilate [dai’leit]: dilated; to be dilated, the vessels dilate; the heart dilates and contracts

10. 1. Прочтите текст А. 2. Выпишите из него слова с суффиксами ‘-ous’, ‘-ary’, ‘-егу’ и префиксом ‘inter-’. 3. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие a) Past Participle; б) Present Participle; в) ‘one

• ones’, ‘that — those’. 4. Напишите план текста:

Text A. The Heart and the Vascular System

The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium. The base of the heart is against the third rib. Its apex is against the interspace between the fifth and sixth costal cartilages. The weight of the heart is about 300 grams (gr) in the male and about 220 gr in the female.

The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum. Each of the chambers has two connected parts:

the atrium and the ventricle. The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles.

The right atrium is larger than the left one, but the walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right one. The right ventricle is triangular (треугольный) in form and has thick walls. The right ventricle is in the anterior part of the heart. The left ventricle is longer and more conical than the right one. The walls of the left ventricle are three times as thick as the walls of the right one. The valves are located at the entrance and exit (выход) of each ventricle.

The muscular structure of the heart consists of two parts — the muscular layers of the atria and the muscular layers of the ventricles.

The vascular system consists of three groups of vessels — arteries, veins and capillaries.

The vessels carrying blood to^and. from the tissues of the body compose the general circulation. They are called the systemic vessels.

The pulmonary circulation is formed by the vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs.

The portal system is formed by the veins passing to the liver.

Most of the arteries are composed of three coats. The arteries dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

11. Read the following words and explain the pronunciation of the letter combinations in bold type:

coat, count, cause, law, load, loud, autopsy, saw, soak, sound, nausea, raw, moan, amount, gaiize, road

12. Form and translate the new words by adding:

1. the prefix sub-: divide, tropical, class, cutaneous, costal, family, mucous;

2. the prefix inter-: costal, national, muscular, vertebral, ventricular, vascular

ХШ. Form the Past Participle of the verbs given in brackets. State their functions. Translate the following sentences:

1. The patient (admit) to the hospital was a 45-year-old female. 2. The inner organs (include) in the thoracic cavity are the heart and the lungs. 3. The blood (carry) to the lungs is called venous blood.

XTV. Give the English equivalents:

1. в три раза толще, чем стенки; 2. малый (легочный) круг крово­обращения; 3. большой круг кровообращения; 4. кровообращение в сис­теме воротной вены

9. Choose the necessary Participle. Translate the sentences:

1. The blood vessels (located, locating) on the anterior surface of the arm were dilated. 2. The vessels (carried, carrying) blood to the heart are called veins. 3. The lungs are the inner organs (included, including) in the thoracic cavity. 4. The muscular structure of the heart (consisted, consisting), of two parts includes muscular layers of the artria and muscular layers of ventricles.

9. Read the following sentences and define instead of what words the substitutes ‘one — ones’, ‘that — those’ are used:

1. . The condition of patient M. is worse than that of patient N. 2. The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in the neck. 3. The bones of the lower extremities are longer than those of the upper ones.

9. Read Text B. Entitle it. Say what it deals with:

Text В

In the left chamber the atrium and ventricle are separated by the mitral [‘maitral] valve.

In the right chamber the atrium and ventricle are separated by the tricuspid [trai’kAspid] valve.

At the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle another valve is located. This valve is called the semilunar [,semi’lu:na] valve of the aorta.

At the point of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle the fourth valve is located. It is called the semilunar valve of the pulmonary artery.

LESSON 14

1. Запомните чтение следующих слов:

respiratory [ris’pairatari] дыхательный, респираторный

mediastinum [,mi:di3s’tain3m] средостение

pleura [‘р1иэгэ] плевра

lobe [loub] доля

external [eks’ta:nl] наружный

serous [‘sisres] серозный, сывороточный

lateral [‘laetsrel] боковой

visceral [‘vissrel] внутренний

subserous [sAb’siaras] подсерозный

2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: cover [‘L\va] v покрывать, закрывать

shape [feip] и форма, очертание; вид; образ border [‘boids] и граница, край

extend [iks’tend] v простирать(ся); увеличивать(ся); расширять; продлевать

upward [4pw9d] adv вверх above [э’Ьлу] ргр над; свыше level [‘levl] п уровень; количество thin [Gin] а тонкий; худой '

vary [‘veari] v менять(ся), изменять(ся); разнообразить heavy [‘hevi] а тяжелый; плотный left [left] а левый

capacity [ks’paesiti] п емкость; объем; vital capacity of the lungs жизненная емкость легких

infant [‘infant] и младенец, ребенок до 2-х лет

pale [peil] а бледный

colour [*кл1э] и цвет; v окрашивать

proper [‘ргэрэ] а собственный; правильный; соответствующий; надлежащий

3. * Вставьте необходимые по смыслу слова, данные ниже:

1. The aorta... from the upper part of the left ventricle. 2. The shape of the vessels... when they dilate. 3. The right lung is... than the left one. 4. The lungs are ... with the pleura.

varies, covered, extends, heavier

4. Переведите следующие предложения и определите время ска­зуемого:

1. The borders of the heart are dilated. 2. This patient was taken to the operation yesterday. 3. The vital capacity of the lungs will be determined during the examination.

4. They were examined in Histology by Prof. Belov.

5. * Образуйте Present Participle Active от глаголов и дайте все возможные варианты перевода:

to restore, to introduce, to establish, to connect

6. Ознакомьтесь с таблицей 23 функций Present Participle и ответьте на вопросы:

1. Какие синтаксические функции может выполнять Present Participle в предложении? 2. Какое место в предложении занимает Present Participle в функции определения, части причастного оборота? 3. Как переводится Present Participle в каждой из синтаксических функций?

7. Определите, чем является Present Participle в следующих предложениях:

1. Being at the sanatorium the patient began to feel much better. 2.1 went to speak to the doctor treating my mother. 3. The varying condition of the patient became worse yesterday.

8. 1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите в нем предложения, содержащие Present Participle, и переведите их. 3. Напишите пять вопросов к тексту.

4. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

над уровнем, по обе стороны, у взрослого мужчины, у младенцев, друг от друга, по форме.

Text С. The Lungs

The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.

The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib.

The base of the lung is located in the convex (выпуклый) surface of the diaphragm.

The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior borders thin and overlap (перекрывать) the pericardium.

The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3.5 liters in the female.

The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one.

In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour, but later they become darker.

The lung is coveres With an external serous coat, i.e. with visceral layer of the pleura. The parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs consists of the bronchial tree with elastic tissue and vessels.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

9. Name the part of speech of the following words. Translate these words:

thoracic, costal, fibrous, pulmonary, widely, pelvic, sacral, construction, facial, daily, dilatation, artificial, connective, respiratory

10. Translate the following participles:

covered—covering; extended — extending; varied—varying; dilated — dilating; contracted — contracting; included — including; separated — separating

11. Give the English equivalents to the following word combinations:

1. собственное вещество легких; 2. жизненная емкость легких; 3. наружная серозная оболочка; 4. легкое простирается вверх на 3—4 см над уровнем первого ребра; 5. система органовдыхания

12. Make these sentences affirmative:

1. Will the shape of artificial joints be varied? 2. Is the vital capacity of the lungs in an infant changed with age? 3. New experimental findings were not established by the young scientist.

13. Translate the following sentences:

1. Эта экспериментальная работа будет проведена на будущей неделе. 2; Эти данные применяются на практике. 3. Меня будут обследовать несколько врачей. 4. В пятницу нам читали лекцию по анатомии.

14. Say in which sentences Present Participle is not the part of the predicate:

1. The fibrous bands forming the muscular structure of the heart are divided into two groups. 2. Carrying blood to and from the lungs the vessels of the pulmonary system dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart. 3. Now my sister is receiving the treatment at the surgical department. 4. The semilunar valve of the aorta is the dividing portion at the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle.

15. Read Text D. Entitle it:

TextD

The aorta is the main vessel of the systemic arteries or the arteries of the general system. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, goes up, arches over the root (корень) of the left lung to the left side of the trunk at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. On its way from the fifth thoracic vertebra to about the level of the last thoracic vertebra it is called the thoracic aorta.Then it goes down through the diaphragm. From the point of the last thoracic vertebra to the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra it is called the abdominal aorta.

It then goes to the border of the fourth lumbar vertebra .mil here it finishes dividing into the left and right iliac arteries.

LESSON 15

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

1. Запомните .произношение- следующих слов: membraneous [mem’breinias] перепончатый anus [‘einas] задний проход pharynx [‘faerirjks] глотка esophagus [ii’sofsgas] пищевод pancreas [‘paerjkriss] поджелудочная железа gland [glaend] железа salivary [‘saslivari] слюнный

duodenum [,dju:ou’di:nam] двенадцатиперстная кишка

jejunum [d3i’d3u:nam] тощая кишка

ileum [‘iliam] подвздошная кишка (илеум)

caecum [‘si:kam] слепая кишка

colon [‘koulanj ободочная кишка, толстая кишка

rectu

86 f