Pic. 8 Black (302) and bone beads.

What was the source of this reagent for the Kazan glassmaker? The obvious answer is a bone, which can contain up to 15-20% percents of phosphorus anhydrite. It was bone of the very young animal, which contains twice as many organic substances and calcium as compared with bones of adult animals. Presence of nitrogen and chlorine in bones, can explain the degradation of the bead. We should also note that the material of this bead as well as bone bead contains larger amounts of barium, zinc and strontium (tab.12). The scheme of the preparation technology is presented on pic.9.

Table 12.Comparison of element composition of black and bone beads

Conc.= Сх10n		n	-4	-2	-4	-3	-2	-4	-4	-3	-3	-3	-3	-3	-3	-3	-2	-3	-3	-4	-2	-2
№	code	color	Ag	As	Au	B	Ba	Be	Bi	Со	Cr	Ga	Li	Nb	Ni	Sc	Sr	V	Y	Yb	Zn	Zr
26	302	black	1,1	0,6	0	1,1	49	1,8	1,2	165	1,8	0,58	2,8	1,2	31	0,96	7,5	2,1	1,6	1,3	8,4	2,3
	bone bead		0,25	0,13	0	1,1	20	0,6	2,2	0,18	0,2	0,1	4,2	0,6	0,45	0,2	4,7	0,6	0,55	0,75	8,3	0,1

Fig.9 Scheme of black bone bead production.

There is also interesting glass object among the findings of the building (№ 2333). It has size of 20х20х10mm and a color of blue. One side of the glassware contains sunked picture made by a sharp tool. Its function is unclear, but it seems to have some artistic. Judging by a chemical composition this sample was produced in Kremlin workshop from a glass scrap. The painting on it was made in dilettantish way (fig.11).

Fig.11 Glass work.

Non-glass components of slag have also been examined (pic. 12). Those sample have numbers 36-38 in tables of element composition. Composition of № 36 corresponds to chamotte's chemical composition, № 38 is a mix of chamotte and ashes, № 37 is similar to the nontronite clay mineral.

Pic. 12. Glass slag from the Kremlin workshop

In the examined building, other remains of glass production were discovered. There are numerous polishing slate pencils of deep grey color, 3-4 mm in diameter with non-symmetric edges and rounded end. Similar slate pencils with better technological processing are used nowadays in glass goods production. Analogous findings were discovered on the territory of Kazan glass factory of the second half of XVIII c.

Conclusions

Glass workshop in the Kazan Kremlin appeared during the period of glassmaking popularity. It spread all over Europe, beginning from XVII c., after the publishing of the book written by Florentine monk named "Art of glass" in 1612 and the book "Ars Vitraria Experimentalis oder vollkommene Glasmacher-Kunst" by the German alchemist Johann Kunckel. These books revealed the secret of glassmaking and it had became accessible craft.

1. The Kremling Master had used half-stuff and various glass scrap as a source material for the production of beads.

2. The workshop had rather experimental than industrial character.

As it was mentioned above, the demand for glassware from Western Europe had abruptly risen during the reign of the first Romanovs. Foreigners made several attemps to organise glass factories near Moscow. Swede Julius Сoyet began to organise glass production in 1630. Glass factory in Dukhanin village had been established for 5 years from 1634 to 1639, works were conducted only in warm seasons. The factory specialised in pharmaceutical ware and phials. The factory had changed many owners and existed until 1760, producing window glasses and pharmaceutical ware (Asharina N.A., 1978a, p. 12).

Shortly after glass-making began its development through production of goods for tsar's court. A factory under management of royal department was built in 1668 – 1669 in Ismaylovo village near Moscow. Foreign specialists were invited to organise the process. Czech engraver - "master of figures" - Mathias Ulman worked on the factory for over 40 years. European masters - Indrik Lerin and Ainz Frederic, made engraving. Invited craftsmen brought the culture of European glass-making, which was called "the Venetian manner" (Asharina N.A., 1978, p. 68-69).

The workshop in the Kazan Kremlin probably appeared in the context of rising popularity of glass-making all over the country. In the first half of XVIII c. Russian government supported the development of glass industry by the power of Russian merchant class. New branch of industry promised large profits to the commercial people and merchant companies. Intensive building of glass factories was observed in Orel, Bryansk, Kaluga regions. In those regions three branches of Maltsev family lived and they owned 15 factories in the end of the century (Shelkovnikov B.A., 1969, p.58). Therefore, the glass workshop on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin was one of the first workshops on the territory of Russian Empire.

Beside glassware, numerous objects were found in the XXXIV cellar. They indicate that the master belonged to the nobility. Among these objects, there are two Dutch tobacco pipes, remains of a pistol, ceramic woman figure and so on. From all of the above we can make a conclusion, that the production of beads in this case was probably a hobby of the noble man, and it was typical for the nobility of that period. Presented research shows the efficiency of archaeometry for the study of cultural legacy. Data of spectrum analysis gave an opportunity to make several conclusions and observations about urban life of the later Middle Ages.

References

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Mariacher, Giovanni, 1970. Glass from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Hamlyn publishing group limited. London – New York – Sidney – Toronto.

McNnulty Robert H., 1972. European green glass bottles of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a neglected area of study // Annales du 5 congres international d’Etude Historique du verre. Praga, 6 – 11 julet 1970. Liege. P. 145-152.

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