2. Скажите, соответствуют ли данные утверждения прочитанному тексту:

1. The concept of what a government should be and how it should be formed has not changed much throughout history.

2. In the earliest types of government, the people had much freedom.

3. Many years ago most of the rulers were monarchs.

4. Monarchs acquired their power by elections.

4. In Egypt and other empires power didn’t stay in one family for a long

time.

6. Plato thought that rulers should be rich people.

6. The examples of aristocracy throughout history have usually seen power in the hands of a few wealthy people or religious leaders.

8. Oligarchy is the type of government composed of a few rulers who seek to benefit only themselves.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты:

   1. свобода

   2. правитель

   3. власть

   4. военная мощь

5. наследовать

6. вместо

7. мудрый

8. получать выгоду

4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях следующими словами:

inherited benefit

dynasty ruler

wealthy

in theory

concept

freedom

1. The first years introduces the basic … of management.

2. My parents gave me total … to do whatever I liked.

3. He had more power than any … of Spain until Franco.

4. He …the business from his father.

5. A period of time during which members of the same family rule a country or region is called … .

6. …, a small group of the wisest people that govern a country in an aristocracy.

7. Only very … people can travel abroad.

8. I’m sure they’ll … from this deal.

Text 3

1. Прочитайте текст

Government in the Middle Ages

The period of the Middle Ages began with the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and lasted for about 1,000 years. During this time, the Roman Catholic church ruled much of Europe. In some cases, the church would work with kings and queens, and they might even appoint them. When Charlemagne became the king of the Franks in 800, he was crowned by the leader of the church. The religion of Islam became equally powerful in the Middle East and parts of Asia and Africa during the Middle Ages. A government that is led by religious leaders is known as a theocracy.

The period of the Middle Ages was also marked in Europe by feudalism, a system of rights and obligations involving the ownership of land. Feudalism also refers to the way of life of this period. People lived in walled castles, and knights in armor protected the castles and fought in wars to expand the king's territory.

Constitutional monarchy

With its combination of kings and knights, feudalism was a mixture of monarchy and aristocracy. The government did not represent most of the people. Instead, it benefited the wealth of a very few. In addition, many kings were very greedy, and they were not concerned about the well-being of their subjects. In 1215, a group of landowners in England forced King John to sign a document promising certain rights. This document, known as the Magna Carta, put a limit on taxes, allowed people to travel freely, and protected the people from unjust imprisonment. The Magna Carta was the first modern example of a constitution, a document that spells out the rights of a country's citizens and the powers of their government.

Europe soon gave rise to a mixed form of government known as a constitutional monarchy. People demanded to be represented by their leaders, and their leaders found themselves managing nations that were increasingly larger. As a result, monarchs shared some of their power with groups that could help them govern. By the 13th century, a body of government called Parliament emerged in England. Parliament was a legislature, a group that oversaw the creation of the nation's laws. The king or queen still ruled the country, but the day-to-day business of government increasingly transferred to Parliament.