Worksheet 1

1. RESTORE THE INFORMATION ON THE LECTURER’S BLACKBOARD:

HOW TO MAKE STEEL ____5 – 96% 11_____ C Carbon % ________________ Vanadium _______________ Tungsten ______________elements ___________________ _________________

2. Give definitions to the following words:

Trace element	is that improves
Steel	is an alloy
Stainless	is steel property

3. Explain the meaning of the words:

To improve
To rust

4. WRITE AN ABSTRACT ABOUT MAKING STEEL

HOW TO MAKE STEEL

Individual work:

read the text 3 and make the tasks below:

Text 3. The Iron Pillar from Delhi

Standing at the center of the Quwwatul Mosque the Iron Pillar is one of Delhi's most curious structures. Dating back to 4th century A.D., the pillar bears an inscription which states that it was erected as a flagstaff in honour of the Hindu god, Vishnu, and in the memory of the Gupta King Chandragupta II (375-413). How the pillar moved to its present location remains a mystery. The pillar also highlights ancient India's achievements in metallurgy. The pillar is made of 98 per cent wrought iron and has stood 1,600 years without rusting or decomposing.

Some physical facts about the pillar are reasonably well-established: it is 7.3 metres tall, with one metre below the ground; the diameter is 48 centimetres at the foot, tapering to 29 cm at the top, just below the base of the wonderfully crafted capital; it weighs approximately 6.5 tonnes. Made up of 98% pure wrought iron the pillar was manufactured by forge welding. The temperatures required to form such a pillar by forge welding could only have been achieved by the combustion of coal. The pillar is a testament to the high level of skill achieved by ancient Indian blacksmiths in the extraction and processing of iron.

In a report published in the journal Current Science, R. Balasubramaniam explains how the pillar's resistance to corrosion is due to a passive protective film at the iron-rust interface. The presence of second phase particles (slag and unreduced iron oxides) in the microstructure of the iron, that of high amounts of phosphorus in the metal, and the alternate wetting and drying existing under atmospheric conditions, are the three main factors in the three-stages formation of that protective passive film.

But, this said, nearly everything else about the pillar is surrounded by acute controversy: 1) For whom was it made? 2) Exactly when? 3)Where did it originally stand before it was moved to Delhi? 4) What is the true import of the long inscription in Brahmi characters engraved upon it? 5)Who placed the later inscriptions on it, and when? 6) Who had the pillar moved to its present location, and why? 7) What exact processes were followed in forging it into shape at that time, the 4th/5th century AD?

Above all, from the scientists' point of view, what is the secret, the great mystery, behind the fact of its being virtually non-rusting? There seems to be no end to the questions.

http://old.world-mysteries.com/sar_ironpillar.htm

1. What interesting facts do you know about the Indian Pillar?

2. Find the answers to the questions stated in the text. Use the Internet resources.

3. Make a short presentation (write an abstract) on the basic components of the protective passive film.

4. Make a review of metals that rust (corrode) and present it in the form of a bar chart or a diagram.

5. Write an abstract in Russian for the text The Iron Pillar from Delhi

6. Write a summary for the text Iron and Steels

Unit 2