Вариант II

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-

временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения.

1. The properties of bitumen have been known and exploited for some centuries.

2. When we design beams, the loads are never known accurately, because the size of the beam, and consequently its weight, are unknown.

3. These days artificial marble is being widely used to face the columns of buildings.

4. Old houses will be replaced by new ones in Moscow quite soon.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая

внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. In almost any engineering structure, certain parts have to resist forces of compression.

2. Durability is the property which has made concrete the most useful structural material.

3. We don’t use mass concrete in housing construction.

4. Ferro-concrete is to become the most useful building material in designing bridges.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая

внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Gray granites are brought to construction sites to be used for building.

2. To obtain a clear, bright red brick, the clay should be free from impurities.

3. Buildings to be made of brick should not be higher than 6 storeys.

4. A decorator`s most difficult task is to show the beauty of the marble.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие

предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные

обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Clay is considered to be mouldable and plastic.

2. Hydrogen bubbles in the concrete mixture make it rise.

3. A concentrated load is assumed to act at a definite point, such as a column which rests on a beam.

4. A distributed load lets the force act over a considerable length of the beam.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения,

обращая внимание на перевод выделенных слов.

1. Broken stone was in great use, for it had been found that limestone moistened and crushed into pieces makes a good road.

2. Limestone may gradually approach cement in character, due to their original composition.

3. Neither wood nor plywood is used in fire-resistant structures.

VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

Stone

Almost all the famous monuments of classic times, of the Medieval and Renaissance periods and of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, were erected from stone, since stone alone could contribute the qualities of strength, beauty, dignity and durability worthy of monumental architecture. Stone walls carried the loads, and stone foundations supported the entire building. Since the development of steel and concrete, and their employment in the foundations and structural members of buildings, the use of stone has been confined to the facing of the outer shells of walls and to the embellishment of the interiors.

Stone is often used in modern structures and is highly valued because of its never failing beauty and durability. Stone for construction purposes must possess certain important characteristics. These characteristics are: appearance, economy, durability and strength. The appearance of the stone is its suitability in colour, texture, ageing qualities and general characteristics according to the type and style of the building designed.

In colour and texture there is a wide range of choice from brilliant hues to dull, from warm tones to cold, as well as from coarseness and roughness of texture to extreme fineness and density. The appearance of stone is often of importance, especially in the facework of buildings. In order that the appearance should be preserved, a well-weathering stone should be selected. Weathering includes all those changes which occur as a result of the actions of heat and cold, rain, hail, snow, wind, exposure to air, and other atmospheric and chemical processes in rocks and other substances.

From the practical point of view, durability is the most important consideration in the selection of stone, suitability depending both upon the lasting qualities of the stone itself and upon the locality where it is erected.

Rocks of the same general kind as limestone, sandstone and marble, differ very much in durability, some being soft and porous and others dense and hard.

The physical structure of a stone is of the greatest importance, the ability of a stone to resist atmospheric actions depending to a great extent upon it.

White chalk and marble are nearly of the same composition, yet the latter will resist an ordinary atmosphere for a long time, whereas the former will be rapidly destroyed.

Different classes of stone are used in building, the most common of them being granites, slates, sandstones and limestones.

It is found that stones which are crystalline in structure weather better than those that are non crystalline. If the chemical composition and the other qualities of two stones are the same, then the stone which has the closer and finer grain of the two is more durable than the other.

VII. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по содержанию текста:

1. What qualities must stone possess for construction purposes?

2. What classes of stone are used in construction?