Oral hygiene

Most dental disorders arise from two basic diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues — caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of dental disease therefore includes elimination of food stagnation, as this is the primary cause of caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene; preventive dentistry; dental health education and increasing the resistance of teeth todisease.

Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free from food debris, thus preventing plaque formation. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this is the only way of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food (raw, firm, fibrous fruits or vegetables, e.g. apples, pears, carrots, celery, etc.) By virtue of their tough fibrous consistency they require much chewing and thereby clean the teeth of food remnants. It may be inconvenient to brush the teeth or eat an apple after meals when you are not at home. On such occasions a plain water mouth rinse, which can be swallowed afterwards, is better than nothing. Of all these methods of cleaning teeth, tooth brushing is the most effective. When properly done, it removes plaque, whereas detergent foods can only clean away loose food particles.

The object of tooth brushing is to clean every accessible tooth surface, thus removing food debris and plaque and massaging the gum margin.Toothbrushes with a small head and medium bristles are probably the most effective. Tooth brushing consists of the following steps. The brush is rinsed and toothpaste added. Several strokes are used on each section of the mouth. Buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces are cleaned by a rotary motion from gum to tooth. Occlusal surfaces are cleaned by a scrubbing action. Finally the gingival margins are cleaned by a backwards and forwards motion which must be done gently to avoid abrasion of the necks of the teeth.Each jaw is done in turn and the mouth is then thoroughly rinsed with warm water to expel food debris dislodged by the toothbrush. Brushes should be washed and dried afterwards.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. What do most dental disorders arise from?

2. What does prevention of dental disease include?

3. What does food stagnation cause?

4. What is cleaning of teeth best performed by?

5. How can food debris be removed if brushing is not possible?

6. Which toothbrushes are the most effective?

7. What are the steps of tooth brushing?

8. What should be done to toothbrushes after cleaning teeth?

Exercise 9. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. oral hygiene 2. tooth brushing 3. detergent food 4. caries 5. periodontal disease

a. food having a tough and fibrous consistency, which is able to clean the teeth of food remnants b. decay of a tooth’s hard structures c. the practice of keeping the mouth, teeth and gums clean and healthy, as by regular brushing and flossing and preventive dental care d. a disease that attacks the gum and bone and around the teeth e. cleaning teeth with a toothbrush

Exercise 10. Find corresponding equivalents in the text:

Стоматологічні порушення; усунення застою їжі; первинна причина карієсу; викликати формування нальоту; приводити до виробництва кислоти; приводити до бактеріального подразнення; збільшення опірності зубів до хвороб; профілактика формування нальоту; регулярно чистити зуби після їжі; єдиний спосіб видалити наліт; завдяки жорсткої фіброзної консистенції; потребувати багато жування; очищати зуби від залишків їжі; полоскання рота простою водою; чистити кожну доступну зубну поверхню; масажувати краї ясен; рух назад вперед.

Exercise 11. Find the words in the text that mean approximately the same as these:

case		way
prophylaxis		due to
contain		adequately
removal		efficient
first		movement

Exercise 12. Find the opposites of the following words in the text:

moisten		begin
exclude		soft
vulnerability		cooked
occasionally		big
before		roughly

Exercise 13. Match the words from column A with those from column b to form collocations as they appeared in the text. Translate these collocations into Ukrainian:

Column A	Column B
Dental disorders – стоматологічні порушення	stagnation
periodontal	production
food	irritation
plaque	chewing
acid	surface
bacterial	bristles
resistance	disorders
require	formation
medium	to diseases
occlusal	disease

Exercise 14. Find and correct mistakes in the following sentences:

1.Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free from saliva.

2. Cleaning is best performed by rinsing the mouth with water.

3. Detergent food is soft and fat.

4. The object of tooth brushing is to clean only the front teeth.

5. Buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces are cleaned by a scrubbing action.

6. Occlusal surfaces are cleaned by a rotary motion from gum to tooth.

7. The mouth is thoroughly rinsed with sweet water after brushing.

8. A toothbrush should always be kept in water.

Exercise 15. Correct the misspelled terms:

disiase	asid	helth
prevenssion	mardgin	haigien
rense	plague	chuew
disloge	brash	efective
requier	debrie	rezistanse

Exercise 16. Complete the sentences using the information from the text:

1. Oral hygiene consists of …

2. Food stagnation causes …

3. Cleaning is best performed by …

4. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by …

5. The object of tooth brushing is …

6. Toothbrushes with … are probably the most effective.

7. … are cleaned by a backwards and forwards motion.

8. … should be washed and dried after cleaning teeth.

Exercise 17. Make questions to the underlined words:

1. Prevention of dental disease includes elimination of food stagnation.

2. Food stagnation causes plaque formation.

3. Cleaning is best performed by brushing.

4. Food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food.

5. Fruits and vegetables require much chewing.

6. Tooth brushing consists of several steps.

7. Occlusal surfaces are cleaned by a scrubbing action.

8. The mouth is rinsed with warm water.

Exercise 18. Use the verbs in brackets in the proper forms. Translate the sentences:

1.A dental floss (to use) to remove food and dental plaque from between teeth in areas a toothbrush is unable to reach.

2. Dental plaque (to cause) such diseases as gingivitis or caries.

3. Dental flossing (to become) very popular recently.

4. Levi Spear Parmly, a dentist from New Orleans, (to invent) the first form of dental floss in 1819.

5. Floss (not to be) commercially available until 1882.

6. In 1882, silk floss (to produce) by the Codman and Shurtleft company.

7. Dental floss (to make) of different materials nowadays.

8. He never (to use) a dental floss in his life.

Exercise 19. Fill in the gaps with the correct prepositions:

above between of (5) with on in (3)

Plaque removal is … great importance … the etiology … dental disease because some bacteria can metabolize sugar and form acid, and others produceharmful products which can cause inflammation … the gums (gingivitis) and destruction of the periodontal tissues (periodontal disease). Both plaque which is allowed to remain … the gingival crevice… the gum margin and neck … the tooth and that occurring … the tooth surfaces … the gum margin can calcify and harden to form tartar**. This tends to retain further harmful accumulations … bacteria … contact … the periodontum.

*сrevice – щілина

**tartar – зубний камінь

Exercise 20. Translate the sentences into English:

1.Зубнi щiтки застосовуються для видалення залишкiв їжi та зубного нальоту з усiх поверхонь зубiв та мiжзубних проміжків.

2. При захворюваннях пародонту слiд використовувати щiтку з бiльш м’якою щетиною.

3. Строк використання однiєї зубної щітки не більше ніж 6 місяців.

4. Рухи щітки при чищенні зубів мають бути направлені від шийки зуба у бік ріжучого краю, тобто по вертикалі.

5. Зубнийналід видаляється з поверхні зубів лише через 30 секунд після її ретельної механічної обробки.

6. Багато хто не знає, як правильно та ефективно чистити зуби.

7. Тривалість чищення, як правило, складає не меньше трьох хвилин.

8. Після чищення зубів зубну щітку треба помити та висушити.