- •Theoretical grammar as a subject, its aim. Language as a functional system. Language and speech.
- •Types of meaning. Language levels and linguistic units.
- •The difference between system and structure.
- •Systematic relations in a language. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •Structural types of languages. English as an analytical language.
- •Morphology and syntax as two parts of linguistic description.
- •Grammatical meaning: explicit/implicit, general/dependent.
- •Grammatical category as unity of meaning. The notion of opposition.
- •Analytical and synthetic formations.
- •Types of morphemes.
- •The problems of definition and classification of parts of speech.
- •Grammatical homonymy.
- •Functional and notional parts of speech. Functional parts of speech. Preposition
- •Conjunctions
- •Particles
- •Interjection
- •General characteristics of the noun. Types of nouns.
- •Grammatical categories of nouns.
- •General characteristics of the adjective. Structural types of adjectives. The category of degrees of comparison.
- •The stative; its syntactical functions. The stative
- •Syntactic function
- •Substantivization (substantivation) of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns.
- •General characteristics of the adverb. Semantic types of adverbs. The category of degrees of comparison.
- •General characteristics of the pronoun. Types of pronouns. Grammatical categories of pronouns.
- •The numeral: meaning, form and function.
- •The verb, its meaning, form and function. Finite and non-finite verbs.
- •Structural types and morphological classes of verbs.
- •Modal verbs.
- •The categories of tense, aspect and phase (time-correlation).
- •The preposition, its types.
- •The conjunction, its types.
- •The particle and the interjection as parts of speech.
- •Subject of syntax.
- •Types of syntactic connection.
- •Word combinations, their types.
- •The notion of predication. Predication and modality
- •The sentence, its structure.
- •Main parts of sentence and their types.
- •Secondary parts of sentence and their types.
- •Prepositional and non-prepositional objects
- •The Apposition, Direct Address, Parentheses, and Insertions. Loose Parts.
- •Loose parts of sentence
- •Communicative types of sentences.
- •Structural types of sentences.
- •I‘m happy.
- •I‘m happy, but my kids are always complaining.
- •I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money.
- •I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money, but my kids are always complaining since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys.
- •Ellyptical sentences and one-member sentences.
- •Verbless two-member sentences and idiomatic sentences.
- •The composite sentence. Compound sentences.
- •The complex sentence, its structure and type of connection between clauses.
- •Types of clauses.
- •Independent clauses
- •Dependent clauses
- •Main or Independent Clause
- •Subordinate or dependent Clause
- •Noun Clause
- •Adjective Clause
- •Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses
- •Adverb Clause
- •Types of adverbial clauses.
- •Word order and inversion.
- •Interrogative Sentences
- •Imperative Sentences
Structural types of sentences.
4 Types of English Sentences
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains one independent clause.
What’s an “independent clause”? It’s one subject followed by one verb or verb phrase.It expresses a single idea.
Examples of simple sentences:
I‘m happy.
Robert doesn’t eat meat.
My brother and I went to the mall last night.
This new laptop computer has already crashed twice.
Notice that a “simple sentence” isn’t necessarily short. The subject can be a single word like “I” or “Robert,” or it can be a double subject like “my brother and I,” or it can be multiple words describing a single person/object, like “This new laptop computer.”
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a linking word (and, but, or, so, yet, however).
Each independent clause could be a sentence by itself, but we connect them with alinking word:
I‘m happy, but my kids are always complaining.
Robert doesn’t eat meat, so Barbara made a special vegetarian dish for him.
My brother and I went to the mall last night, but we didn’t buy anything.
This new laptop computer has already crashed twice, and I have no idea why.
Note that each sentence has TWO subjects and TWO verb phrases.
Complex Sentence
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
A dependent clause cannot be a complete sentence by itself.
I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money.
Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school, doesn’t eat meat.
My brother and I went to the mall last night, while my sister stayed home and studied.
This new laptop computer, which I bought yesterday, has already crashed twice.
Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence contains 3 or more clauses: 2 independent and at least 1 dependent clause.
I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money, but my kids are always complaining since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys.
Independent clauses: “I’m happy” and “my kids are always complaining” Dependent clauses: “even though I don’t make much money” and “since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys” Linking word: “but”
Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school, doesn’t eat meat – so Barbara made a special vegetarian dish for him.
Independent clauses: “Robert doesn’t eat meat” and “Barbara made a special vegetarian dish for him” Dependent clause: “a friend I’ve known since high school” Linking word: “so”
My brother and I went to the mall last night, while my sister stayed home and studied because she has a test coming up.
Independent clauses: “My brother and I went to the mall last night” and “my sister stayed home and studied” Dependent clause: “because she has a test coming up” Linking word: “while”
This new laptop computer, which I bought yesterday, has already crashed twice; however, I have no idea why.
Independent clauses: “This new laptop computer has already crashed twice” and “I have no idea why” Dependent clause: “which I bought yesterday” Linking word: “however”