33. The particle and the interjection as parts of speech.

The conjunction. A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. In the sentence Bob and Dan are friends the conjunction and connects two nouns and in the sentence He will drive or fly, the conjunction or connects two verbs. In the sentence It is early but we can go, the conjunction but connects two groups of words. Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence. The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways: and is used to join or add words together in the sentence They ate and drank. or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence He will be here on Monday or Tuesday. but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence She is small but strong. so is used to show result as in the sentence I was tired so I went to sleep. Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class. For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as: after before unless although if until as since when because than while. Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. In the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are correlative conjunctions. The most common correlative conjunctions are: both . . .and either . . . or neither . . . nor not only . but also Position:Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.Conjunctions have three basic forms:Single Word.for example: and, but, because, although.Compound .for example: provided that, as long as, in order that.Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)for example: so...that.

The particle. In grammar, a particle is some kind of function word that is not inflected but lacks a precise lexical definition. Depending on the chosen definition, particles do or do not serve as a separate part of speech and are either distinct or not distinct from other classes of function words, such as articles, prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs. Particles are mostly words that help to encode grammatical categories (such as negation, mood or case), clitics or fillers or (oral) discourse markers such as well, um, etc. Particles are never inflected. Infinitival and adverbial particles: the infinitive to, as in to walk, although this can also be viewed as an integral part of the infinitive form of the verb; adverbial portions of phrasal verbs, such as off in we put it off too long, although these can also be viewed as adverbs or prepositions.Interjections, sentence connectors, and conjunctions:If a particle is defined simply to be any function word which cannot be inflected, then conjunctions, prepositions and interjections would be classed as particles (at least in English) although they are traditionally classed as separate parts of speech based on their function. The English definite article the would also be a particle as it is uninflected. The first grammatical construction in the English language that contains a p-word that functions as a particle is the phrasal verb. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by one or more p-words. The p-word of a phrasal verb functions as a particle. Examples of phrasal verbs include the following:call off (cancel),lay in on (criticize).