31. The preposition, its types.

The preposition. Prepositions (or more generally adpositions, see below) are a grammatically distinct class of words whose most central members characteristically express spatial or temporal relations (such as the English words in, under, towards, before) or serve to mark various syntactic functions and semantic roles (such as the English words of, for).[1] In that the primary function is relational, a preposition typically combines with another constituent (called its complement) to form a prepositional phrase, relating the complement to the context in which the phrase occurs. Prepositions must always be followed by a noun or pronoun. That noun is called the object of the preposition. A verb can't be the object of a preposition.Simple adpositions consist of a single word, while complex adpositions consist of a group of words that act as one unit. Some examples of complex prepositions in English are:in spite of, with respect to, except for, by dint of, next to. Preposition for Place. (in, on, at)Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.“In” is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual).“On” is used for surface “At” is used for specific place. Preposition for Direction. (to, toward, through, into). Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will help in better understanding. Preposition for Agent. (by) Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding. Preposition for device, instrument or machine.Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

32. The conjunction, its types.

The conjunction. A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. In the sentence Bob and Dan are friends the conjunction and connects two nouns and in the sentence He will drive or fly, the conjunction or connects two verbs. In the sentence It is early but we can go, the conjunction but connects two groups of words. Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence. The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways: and is used to join or add words together in the sentence They ate and drank. or is used to show choice or possibilities as in the sentence He will be here on Monday or Tuesday. but is used to show opposite or conflicting ideas as in the sentence She is small but strong. so is used to show result as in the sentence I was tired so I went to sleep. Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class. For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as: after before unless although if until as since when because than while. Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. In the sentence Both Jan and Meg are good swimmers, both . . .and are correlative conjunctions. The most common correlative conjunctions are: both . . .and either . . . or neither . . . nor not only . but also Position:Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.Conjunctions have three basic forms:Single Word.for example: and, but, because, although.Compound .for example: provided that, as long as, in order that.Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)for example: so...that.