- •Acute respiratory distress syndrome ards
- •Incidence, mortalita
- •Fowler 1983, Pepe 1982
- •Zdroje mediátorů při ards
- •Komplikace
- •Základní složky léčby
- •Ventilační podpora - optimalizace ventilace a oxygenace
- •Neventilační posupy zlepšení výměny plynů
- •Novinky V ards (2001)
- •Klinická praxe hk
- •Ards 2007
- •0.92); Overall mortality was not significantly different if a plateau pressure
- •Is there evidence to support a phase II trial of inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of incipient and persistent ards?
- •In vivo and In vitro effects of Salbutamol upon alveolar epithelial repair in acute lung injury.
- •Ards 2008
- •In the risk of mortality as well as relevant improvements in oxygenation and
- •Injury?
- •1 Unit may be warranted to reduce the risk of ards in injured patients.
- •Ventilator strategy using esophageal pressures to estimate the transpulmonary
- •Infection based on results of gram staining significantly reduced the incidences
- •Increase the incidence of ards in critically ill adults.
Klinická praxe hk
open lung koncept PCV
mucosolvan (podpora tvorby surfaktantu)
betamimetika
Vyrovnaná tekutinová bilance
kortikoidy
pronační poloha
NO
PLV
Surfaktant – tonutí
Guidelines for the Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (2001) ARDS a sepse
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ARDS 2002
Primární ARDS
difuzní a alveolární infiltrace bez atelektáz
elastance normální
otevírací manévr vede k overdistenzi
větší citlivost k NO než sekundární ARDS ?
Sekundární ARDS
atelektázy v dependentních oblastech
elastance zvýšená
větší potenciál přínosu otevíracího manévru
nutnost promptní terapie (nižší výskyt MOF ?)
Strategie postupu, vedoucí k prevenci ztráty kompartmentalizace pliního poškození (cestou snížení VILI)
Neexistuje jednoduchý a jediný univerzýální postup terapie
Surfactant protein B v predikci ARDS
Clearance tekutin z alevoelů u ARDS (narušená C = 60% mortalita, nanarušená C = 20% mortalita)
ARDS 2003
Epidemiologie a genetika
ACE vliv na plicní cévní systém, permeabilitu a hojení epitelu, genotyp s polymorfismmem genůpro ACE je spojen s vyšším výskytem ARDS a mortalitou na ARDS.
28 denní mortalita 32%
Diagnostika
Idiopatická akutní eosinofilní pneumonie v differenciální diagnostice (BAL eosinofily) nad 25% indikuje biopsii)
CT v predikci prognozy (mléčné sklo „ground glass attenuation“, čím méně, tím lépe)
Terapie
NIC NOVÉHO PRO PRAXI
ARDS 2004
BNP v rozlišení TRALI a CHF u ARDS
Mimotělní eliminace CO2 a oxygenace u ARDS - NOVALUNG , mimoplicní membránová podpora
Nárůst prací s HFOV u ARDS
Inhibice neutrofil elastáty u ARDS – Sivelestat STRIVE studie – bez efektu na 28 denní mortalitu
Nižší hladiny proteinu C u ALI/ARDS
DETA/NO aerosol – donor NO inhalace u ARDS – zmenšení zkratu, není vliv na systémovou cirkulaci.
Podání albuminu u ARDS zlepšuje antioxidativní kapacitu
Low NO 5 ppm u ARDS – zlepšení oxygenace, bez vlivu na dobu UPV
Cochrane Review: HFOV nebo konvenční lepší u ARDS ? – bez rozdílu, další studie nutné.
ARDS – selektivní antikoagulace ?
Biopsie u ARDS – úprava (přidání) terapie v 60% a odstranění non-needed therapy u 37%, komplikace 39%, velké komplikace v 7%,
ARDS a NMBA a zlepšení oxygenace ? – prvních 48 hod podání vede ke zlepšení oxygenace
MCT a LCT tuky u ARDS – zhoršení oxygenace
ARDS 2006
Effects of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis and septic shock Crit Care Med. 2006 Sep;34(9):2325-33: CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe sepsis or septic shock and requiring mechanical ventilation and tolerating enteral nutrition, a diet enriched with EPA, GLA, and elevated antioxidants contributed to better ICU and hospital outcomes and was associated with lower mortality rates.
Pulmonary-artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury, N Engl J Med. 2006 May 25;354(21):2213-24: CONCLUSIONS: PAC-guided therapy did not improve survival or organ function but was associated with more complications than CVC-guided therapy. These results, when considered with those of previous studies, suggest that the PAC should not be routinely used for the management of acute lung injury.
Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2564-75, CONCLUSIONS: Although there was no significant difference in the primary outcome of 60-day mortality, the conservative strategy of fluid management improved lung function and shortened the duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care without increasing nonpulmonary-organ failures. These results support the use of a conservative strategy of fluid management in patients with acute lung injury.
Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 20;354(16):1671-84. CONCLUSIONS: These results do not support the routine use of methylprednisolone for persistent ARDS despite the improvement in cardiopulmonary physiology. In addition, starting methylprednisolone therapy more than two weeks after the onset of ARDS may increase the risk of death
A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2006 May;34(5):1311-8. CONCLUSIONS: A mechanical ventilation strategy with a PEEP level set on day 1 above Pflex and a low tidal volume compared with a strategy with a higher tidal volume and relatively low PEEP has a beneficial impact on outcome in patients with severe and persistent ARDS.
Effect of low doses of corticosteroids in septic shock patients with or without early acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jan;34(1):22-30. CONCLUSIONS: This post hoc analysis shows that a 7-day treatment with low doses of corticosteroids was associated with better outcomes in septic shock-associated early ARDS nonresponders, but not in responders and not in septic shock patients without ARDS.
