10. No one knows exactly why crimes occur. Write a short essay suggesting your point of view. Use the following clichés:

Personally,….

Generally, ….

Sadly, …

Predictably, …

What I mean is,…

I believe that,….

In my experience, …

Some people say that, …

It is unjustifiable to say that…

I am not sure about that…

It is generally accepted that….

Focus on Grammar

11. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood.

1. Если бы Сэм не разбил окно в своем доме, полиция бы так ничего и не узнала про кражу его ценной коллекции. 2. Если бы ей нужны были деньги, она бы сделала это. 3. Этого бы не произошло, если бы ее представлял в суде опытный адвокат. 4. Это дело об ограблении было бы раскрыто, если бы было достаточно улик. 5. Если бы присяжные не вынесли вердикт о виновности, это было бы е справедливо.

12. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets as in the example:

Example: If the man hadn't stolen some goods they ... (not to take him to the police) – If the man hadn't stolen some goods they wouldn't have taken him to the police.

1. If the criminal organization hadn't been found guilty of war crimes its members ... (not to be tried by the International Tribunal). 2. If the court had found it appropriate not to apply a penalty it ... (to impose educational measures). 3. If you had committed a minor offence you ... (only to be fined). 4. If the neighbours hadn't called the police I ... (to be killed). 5. If he had committed a manslaughter in the state of affect he ... ( to be punished less severely). 6. If the jurors had not been sure of the man's guilt they ... (never pass such a verdict).

13. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He (to be given) a life sentence if he (to be found guilty) of kidnapping. 2. The railway company (to redeem) the damages if the woman (not to prove) her injuries.

3. You (can be free) now if you (to demonstrate) an exemplary behaviour.4. The prisoner (can be released) if a parole board (to agree) his detention no longer serves its purpose. 5. Punishment (no to be effective) if the penalty (not to fit) the offence committed. 6. The court (to impose) imprisonment on him if he (not to be considered) a particularly dangerous recidivist. 7. Miss Smith (to be guilty of) an offence if she (to do) it of dire necessity to defend her life.

Text 3

Street crimes and alcohol consumption

1. R ead the text to divide it into logical parts

It's difficult to say how much violent street crime is drug or alcohol related, in terms of an exact percentage or proportion, but it is certainly clear in terms of assaults and violence late at night, that a significant amount of violent street crime is a result of alcohol consumption. People will generally lose their inhibitions, some people will lose their perception of risk and people who have not have sought to escalate a situation will actually become violent and aggressive. Statistically, most violent street crimes do take place late night in pubs, clubs or the surrounding areas. Alcohol is certainly a potential cause of violence. In terms of drugs it's a similar picture, but to a lesser extent. Drugs do, to some extent, drive inquisitive crime; people will try to steal property in order to be able to fund their drug habits. Thus, there are two drivers of drugs and alcohol in relation to violent street crime. Well that's one that we can talk about in broad terms, or generally speaking. Most violence and most personal robbery offenses in the UK occur in places where more people are, so that inevitably will be in town centers and in city centers. So broadly speaking the bigger the town the more personal robberies and the more violent crime there will be in relation to the number of people that live in that town. I think it's important to put this into context in terms of large cities. Actually most cities' violence is down compared to where it was a year or even two years ago, both in terms of robberies and in terms of assaults. Statistically, when you look at the chances of becoming the victim of crime and assault it is actually relatively rare unless you are in specific locations or specific times – i.e. late night, outside at clubs or pubs, etc. To some extent, there is a link between the consumption of alcohol and violence. People who drink too much alcohol will lose their inhibitions and potentially will perceive actions by others as being aggressive, when in fact they probably weren't. Grievances that when sober would be resolved quite quickly, escalate. Over-consumption of alcohol can lead to an increase in violent crime. I think the bad reputation of hoodies is probably more perception than reality in most cases. Most young people are law-abiding people. I think the issue around people who wear hooded tops is that they have got their faces hidden, so there's a perception amongst people that not only is their face hidden, but they're hiding something else, too. There's another reason behind the fact that their face is hidden to some extent. This behavior by hoodies then generates a perception or fear of crime.

Notes

result of alcohol consumption − результат потребления алкоголя

to escalate – возрастать

perception of risk − восприятие риска

exact percentage – точный процент

surrounding areas – окрестности

extent – степень, рамки, предел

inevitably – неизбежно

violent crime – тяжкое преступление

victim of crime – жертва преступления

law-abiding − законопослушный

hooded tops – кофты с капюшоном

related – связанный

significant – существенный

potential cause of violence – потенциальная причина насилия

robbery – грабеж

to occur − происходить

assault – нападение, атака штурм

case − случай