1. Word-order:

Different languages have different word-orders. In German, for example, infinitives and past participles usually come at the end of the sentence:

'Ich habe meine Reisepasse vergessen'

This sentence can be translated literally as 'I have my passport forgotten'. Such a word order would be difficult for learners of the L2 to overcome and they will commit many errors in their writings before they are finally able to use it efficiently.

1. Prepositions:

According to Shaw, H. (1986 :20) McGraw-Hill Handbook of English, "A preposition is a linking word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. However, the appropriate use of prepositions within EFL writings is not a simple task to achieve. Alexander, L.G.( 1994) in his book Right Word Wrong Word: Words and Structures Confused and Misused by Learners of English talks about the contextual differences between "about" and "around". He gives the following examples:

• We waited at the door.

"In" and "on" cannot be used here as "at" in this case refers to a certain point (place)

• He's at school/his aunt's house/a wedding.

"at" refers to a certain location for events or an address

• There was an unpleasant atmosphere in the dentist's waiting room. (Not *at* *on*)

We cannot use "at" or "on" because "in" refers to the area or volume

The inexistence of the same contextual features of prepositions among languages create a gap for students when they try to express their ideas in a foreign or a second language. The learners in this case use their knowledge of their L1 to fill in the gaps within the acquired L2. This happens when the learner has not acquired enough of the L2 yet. Kavaliauskienė (2009:4) suggests that cross-linguistic differences can produce negative transfer such as "underproduction, overproduction, production errors, and misinterpretation".

4. Language Transfer at the level of Semantics:

Lennon defines Error: Some Problems of Definition, Identification, and Distinction. “error” generally speaking as “a linguistic form or combination of forms which, in the same context and under similar conditions of production, would, in all likelihood, not be produced by the native speaker” (1991:182) When the students lack the semantic knowledge of the foreign or the second language, they resort to word-for- word translation depending on their knowledge of the L1. Instead of creating a meaningful sentence, they create ambiguous meaningless sentences in the target language. Llach and Pilar’s definition of a lexical error is “the wrong word use of a lexical item in a particular context by comparison with what a native speaker of similar characteristics as the L2 learner (age, educational level, professional and social status) would have produced in the same circumstances.”" (2005: 49). B1 level of students tend to use expressions used within their L1 and extend it to the L2.

Your sound is nice like that of singers. (voice)

The words "sound" and "voice" may seem similar to nonnative speakers of English but are actually used to mean very different things. The word "sound" refers to a sensation caused in the ear by the vibration of the surrounding air or other medium. However, the word ‘voice’ refers to the faculty of speech in the humans. They cannot be used interchangeably in English but the students commit mistakes by using them interchangeably based on their knowledge of the L1.