Тема 17. Основні фінансові документи та видання

Основні фінансові документи та видання. Комунікативне мотивування із теми. Початкове опрацювання текстів. Аудіювання, читання, переклад у обговоренні. Письмо. Поглиблене опрацювання текстів. Мотиваційна пауза: лінгвокультурний матеріал. Дедуктивна граматика: “Gerund”: 1.suggest doing; 2. don’t mind doing; 3. regret doing; 4. imagine doing; 5. deny doing. ”: 6. avoid doing;7. consider doing;8. practice doing; 9. risk doing; 10. go on doing; 11.keep on doing.

2. Завдання та методичні рекомендації до самостійної роботи

Самостійна робота – це важливий фактор у вивченні іноземної мови, який сприяє розвитку здатності й уміння самостійно отримувати знання. Працюючи самостійно, студент спирається на накопичені знання та досвід, творчо переробляє навчальний матеріал, поглиблює і розширює свої пізнавальні здібності. Основним видом самостійної роботи є виконання ситуаційних завдань з тем дисципліни.

Ефективність самостійної роботи передбачає наявність таких компонентів, як мотивація, знання, навички, уміння, воля. Самостійну роботу слід проводити регулярно і систематично, розподіливши матеріал упродовж усього навчального року. Тільки за цієї умови можна сподіватися на повноцінне оволодіння комунікативними компетенціями, необхідними для успішного спілкування у діловому середовищі.

ІІІ СЕМЕСТР

Змістовий модуль 5. Особистості, життя яких пов’язанe із економікою. Ділове мовлення

Тема 14. Особистості, життя яких пов’язанe із економікою, зокрема фінансами

План вивчення теми

1. Адам Сміт.

2. Карл Маркс.

3. Джон М. Кейнз.

4. Родина Кеннеді.

5. Поняття про неособові форми дієслова. Інфінітив.

Навчальні цілі

Засвоїти лексичні одиниці та оволодіти комунікативними компетенціями, які забезпечують адекватну мовленнєву поведінку в ситуаціях, пов’язаних з розумінням і наданням інформації відносно особистостей, життя яких пов’язане із економікою, зокрема фінансами; сформувати поняття про неособові форми дієслова, навчитись вживати інфінітив.

Завдання та методичні рекомендації до вивчення теми

1. Прочитайте текст 1, намагаючись зрозуміти його якомога точніше та повніше.

TEXT 1

ADAM SMITH

Adam Smith is a towering figure in the history of economic thought with his famous single work “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” (1776).Not much is known about Adam Smith’s life. He was the son of Adam Smith, comptroller of customs near Edinburgh, and a daughter of a substantial landowner. Of Smith’s childhood nothing is known other than that he received his elementary schooling in Kirkcaldy, his home town, and that at the age of four years he was said to have been carried off by gypsies.

He studied at the University of Glasgow where he got acquainted with the professor of moral philosophy from whose economic and philosophical views he was later to diverge but whose magnetic character seems to have been a main shaping force in Smith’s development. Graduating in 1740, Smith won a scholarship and traveled on horseback to Oxford. Compared with the stimulating atmosphere of Glasgow, Oxford was an educational desert. His years there were spent largely in self-education, from which Smith obtained a firm grasp of both classical and contemporary philosophy.

Returning to his home after an absence of six years, Smith cast about for suitable employment. The connections of his mother’s family resulted in an opportunity to give a series of public lectures in Edinburgh. This form of education was then much in vogue. In Glasgow, Smith entered upon a period of extraordinary creativity, combined with a social and intellectual life. Among his acquaintances were members of the aristocracy, the government intellectual and scientific figures.

Beyond the few facts of his life, exasperatingly little is known about the man. Smith never married, and almost nothing is known of his personal side. Only one profile portrait of Smith survives; it gives a glimpse of the older man. About the portrait, he said “I am a beau in nothing but my books.” He was also a man of many peculiarities, which included a stumbling manner of speech (until he had warmed to his subject), a funny gait,” and a comic absence of mind. Contemporaries wrote of a kind smile and of his political tact at work.

2. Поставте п’ять запитань до тексту.

1.3. Ознайомтеся з деякими визначеннями термінів та вивчіть їх.

Словникова довідка №1

Economic means “ connected with the economy of the country or an area, or with the money that a society or an individual has”: the government’s economic policy

Economical means ‘ spending money or using something in a careful way that avoids waste’: It is usually economical to buy washing powder in large quantities

Economics 1) the study of how a society organizes its money, trade and industry: She studied economics at Harvard; 2) the way in which money influences, or is organized within an area of business or society: The economics of the project are very encouraging.

2.1. Прочитайте текст 2, намагаючись зрозуміти його якомога точніше та повніше.

TEXT 2

KARL MARX

At Marx’s funeral, Engels declared that Marx had made two great discoveries. The first was the law of development of human history and, the second, was the law of motion of bourgeois society. But “Marx was before all else a revolutionist.” He was “the best-hated and most-calumniated man of his time,” Yet he also died “beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow-workers.” The contradictory emotions Marx engendered are reflected in the sometimes conflicting aspects of his character. Marx was a combination of the Promethean rebel and the rigorous intellectual.

Marx obviously felt uneasy before mass audiences. He avoided the atmosphere of factional controversies at congresses. He went to no demonstrations, his wife remarked, He rarely spoke at public meetings. He was a “small groups” man. He felt at home on the staff of a newspaper. There his character impressed itself forcefully on a small body of co-workers. At the same time he avoided meeting distinguished scholars. With them, he did not discuss questions of economics and sociology on a footing of intellectual equality.

He remained the eternal student in his personal habits and way of life. He was a great reader of novels, especially those of Sir Walter Scott and Balzac; and the family made a cult of Shakespeare. He was an affectionate father, saying that he admired Jesus for his love of children. Of his seven children, three daughters grew to maturity. His favourite daughter, Eleanor, worried him with her nervous, brooding, emotional character and her desire to be an actress.

The influence of Marx’s ideas has been enormous. Marx’s masterpiece was officially described as “Bible of the working class,” It was written in a resolution of the International Working Men’s Association. Marx never claimed to have discovered the existence of classes and class struggles in modern society. He did claim to have proved that each phase in the development of production was associated with a corresponding class structure.

2.2. Поставте п’ять запитань до тексту.

2.3. Ознайомтеся з деякими визначеннями термінів та вивчіть їх.

Словникова довідка 2

Sociology – the scientific study of societies and the behavior of people in groups

Socialism – an economic and political system in which large industries are owned by the government, and taxes are used to take some wealth away from richer citizens and give it to poorer citizens

Equality – a situation in which people have the same rights, advantages, etc. All people have the right to equality of opportunities.

3.1. Прочитайте текст 3, намагаючись зрозуміти його якомога точніше та повніше.

TEXT 3

JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES

John Maynard Keynes was the son of an eminent English economist. He was educated at Eaton and Cambridge. His mother was one of the first female Cambridge graduates. His early interests were in mathematics and probability theory. Then Keynes ultimately turned to economics. Keynes was far more than an economist: He was an incredibly active, many-sided man who also played such diverse roles as principal representative of the Treasury at the World War I Paris Peace Conference, deputy for the Chancellor of the Exchequer, a director of the Bank of England, trustee of the National Gallery, chairman of the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts, bursar of King’s College in Cambridge, editor of the Economic Journal, chairman of the Nation and later the New. Statesman magazines and chairman of the National Mutual Life Assurance Society. He also ran an investment company, organized the Camargo Ballet where his Russian wife, Lydia Lopokova, was a renowned star and built, profitably, the Arts Theatre at Cambridge.

In addition, Keynes found time to amass a $2 million personal fortune by speculating in stocks, international currencies, and commodities. He was also a leading figure in the ‘΄Bloomsbury .group’ a surprising and shocking group of intellectual luminaries who greatly influenced the artistic and literary standards of England. Its members and associates (some of them the people of hardly socially acceptable whims) were the leading spirits. Throughout his life Keynes was to cherish the affection and respond to the influence of this group.

Most importantly, Keynes was a prolific scholar. His books encompassed such widely ranging topics as probability theory, monetary economics, and the economic consequences of the World War I peace treaty. His magnum opus, however, was the General Theory, which has been described by John Kenneth Galbraithas ‘a work of profound obscurity, badly written and prematurely published.’ Yet the General Theory attacked the classical economists’ contention that recession will automatically cure itself. Keynes’ analysis suggested that recession could easily spiral downwards into a depression.

Keynes claimed that modern capitalism contained no automatic mechanism which would propel the economy back toward full employment. The economy might languish for many years in depression. Indeed, the massive unemployment of the worldwide depression of the 1930_s seemed to provide sufficient evidence that Keynes was right. His basic policy recommendation was for government in these circumstances to increase its spending to induce more production and put the unemployed back to work. When Keynes said: ‘In the long run we’re all dead,’ he didn’t mean that we can forget the long run. What he meant was that the short-run problem must be focused on. For him, what would happen in the long run was academic.

The Versailles Peace Conference became a crucial event in his life. Accompanying the Prime Minister to France as an economic adviser, Keynes was troubled by the political chicanery and burdensome policies that were to be imposed upon the defeated Germany. He resigned his post, depressed.”

He took an activist’s stance and composed the indictment of the Versailles settlement as The Economic Consequences of the Peace published in 1919. The polemical essay offered economic analysis of the stringent reparations placed upon Germany. There was lack of probability that the debts would ever be paid. The popular success of the book came from the blistering sketches of some statesmen. In some Whitehall circles Keynes became considered a man not quite to be trusted, an iconoclast willing to rock any boat into which he had imprudently been invited.

Key contributions Keynes’s reputation at Cambridge was quite different. He was esteemed as the most brilliant student of economics. After publication of The Economic Consequences of the Peace, Keynes resigned his lecture post but stayed on as a fellow of King’s College, dividing his time between Cambridge and London.

Although the tone of Keynes’s major writings in the 1920_s was occasionally skeptical, he did not directly challenge the conventional wisdom of the period that favored laissez-faire. Two of Keynes’s opinions did foreshadow the theoretical revolution he triggered in the 1930_s. In 1925, he opposed Britain’s return to the gold standard at the prewar dollar-pound ratio; and, long before the Great Depression, Keynes expressed concern over the persistent unemployment of British laborers.

It was only later, in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, that Keynes provided an economic basis for government jobs programs as a solution to high unemployment. This writing is one of the most influential economics books in history, yet its lack of clarity still causes economists to debate ‘what Keynes was really saying.’

The Keynesian model was a core part of economics textbooks from the late 1940_s until the late 1980_s. But economists have become more concerned about economic growth, and more informed about inflation and unemployment. Thus, the Keynesian model has lost prominence.

The General Theory was Keynes’s last major written work. In 1937, he suffered a severe heart attack, but he returned to teaching at Cambridge, wrote three influential articles on war finance entitled How to Pay for the War, and served once more in the Treasury as an all-purpose adviser. He also played a prominent role at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. But the institutions that resulted from that conference, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, were more representative of the theories of the United States Treasury than of Keynes’s thinking.

His last public service of 1945 was his negotiation of a multibillion-dollar loan granted by the United States to Britain. Keynes died the following year.

3.2. Поставте п’ять запитань до тексту.

3.3. Ознайомтеся з деякими визначеннями термінів та вивчіть їх.

Словникова довідка 3

Recession – a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity etc in a country than usual: There is deep recession in the USA.

Depression – a long period during which there is little business activity and a lot of people do not have jobs.

Unemployment – the number of people in a particular country or area who cannot get a job: The level of unemployment is rising.

4.1. Прочитайте текст 4, намагаючись зрозуміти його якомога точніше та повніше.

TEXT 4

THE KENNEDYS

U.S. President John F. Kennedy was 35th president of the United States (1961-63). He faced a number of foreign crises, especially in Cuba and Berlin, but managed to secure such achievements as the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and the Alliance for Progress. He was assassinated while riding in a motorcade in Dallas.

The second of nine children, Kennedy was reared in a family that demanded intense physical and intellectual competition among the siblings. The family’s touch football games at home became legendary. John was schooled in the religious teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the political precepts of the Democratic Party. From his father, he had acquired a guaranteed lifelong financial independence. With the experience in finance, Joseph Kennedy became the U.S., and For six months in 1938 John served as secretary to his father, the US ambassador to Great Britain, He gained experience and wrote his later best-selling book, Why England Slept (1940).

In 1941, Kennedy joined the U.S. Navy, soon had barely escaped death in battle. Commanding a patrol torpedo (PT) boat, he was gravely injured. Marooned far behind enemy lines, he led his men back to safety and was awarded the U.S. Medal for heroism. His injury to his back steadily bothered him. Despite operations in 1944, 1954, and 1955, he was in pain for much of the rest of his life.

Kennedy did not disappoint his family; in fact, he never lost an election. Although still physically weak from his war injuries, he campaigned aggressively. Soon, this charismatic young New Englander by TV came into some 40 million American homes. Overnight he had become one of the best-known political figures in the country: his campaign for the 1960 nomination had begun. One newspaperman called him a “young man in a hurry.” Kennedy felt that he had to redouble his efforts because of the widespread conviction that no Roman Catholic candidate could be elected president.

The Kennedys carefully calculated pursuit of the presidency. To transport the future president and his staff around the country, his father bought a 40-passenger aircraft. His brothers, both Harvard graduates pitched in. Both men were astute campaigners.

The phrase “the Kennedy style” − encapsulated the candidate’s emerging identity. It was glamorous and elitist, an amálgam of his father’s wealth, John Kennedy’s charisma and easy wit, Jacqueline Kennedy’s beauty and fashion sense, the charm of their children and relatives, and the erudition of the Harvard advisers who surrounded him – all were called the “best and brightest”.

Kennedy, whose slogan had been “Let’s get this country moving again,” had deplored unemployment, the sluggish economy, the so-called missile gap (a presumed Soviet superiority over the United States in the number of nuclear-armed missiles), and the new communist government in Havana. He participated in four televised debates with his opponent Nixon. Both men showed a firm grasp of the issues, but Kennedy’s poise in front of the camera, his tony Harvard accent, and his good looks (in contrast to Nixon’s “five o’clock shadow) convinced many viewers that he had won the debate.

He was the youngest man ever elected to the presidency of the United States. He called upon Americans “to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle…against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.” He declared: My fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you − ask what you can do for your country.

To present a show of national unity, the president decided to tour the state with the men with whom he wanted to cooperate. On Friday, November 22, 1963, he and Jacqueline Kennedy were in an open limousine riding slowly in a motorcade through downtown Dallas. At 12:30 PM the president was struck by two rifle bullets, one at the base of his neck and one in the head. Kennedy’s assassination, the most notorious political murder of the 20th century, remains a source of bafflement, controversy, and speculation.

4.2. Поставте п’ять запитань до тексту.

4.3. Ознайомтеся з деякими визначеннями термінів та вивчіть їх.

Словникова довідка 4

Campaign – a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result relating to politics or business, or a social improvement: Kansas was a key state in his campaign for re-election.

Conviction – a very strong believe or opinion: a man of strong political convictions.

Debate – discussion of a particular subject that often continues for a long time and in which people express different opinions.

1. Для ознайомлення з поняттям про неособові форми дієслова, а саме інфінітиву вивчіть Unit 55 підручника R. Murphy “English Grammar in Use”, Unit 10 J. Dooley, V. Evans “Grammarway”, а також підручник Кучина Н.М., Літвішко Т.Є., Токун І.І. “Вивчаємо граматику англійської мови: Технологія формування граматичних навичок. Частина 2: Неособові форми дієслова. Умовний спосіб”, розділ «Інфінітив». Основна література: [3]

2. Щоб навчитись вживати інфінітив, виконайте наступні ситуаційні вправи:

Ситуація 1. Запишіть правильну форму інфінітива.

1. I went – to have gone

2. she was playing - ______

3. he had worked - _______

4. it was read - __________

5. they have been informed - __________

6. he is writing - _________

7. it is fixed - ___________

8. he will type - _________

9. he was cleaning - _________

10. she will be sleeping - ______

Ситуація 2. Завершіть питальні речення, використовуючи фрази do you want me to…? or would you like me to…? з наступними дієсловами:

come, lend, repeat, show, shut, wait

1. Do you want me to go alone, or do you want me to come with you?

2. Do you have enough money, or do you want _______________?

3. Shall I leave the window open, or would you ______________?

4. Do you know how to use the machine, or would ___________?

5. Did you hear what I said, or do ___________?

6. Can I go now, or do ______________?