шпора по физике за первый семестр / Постулаты специальной теории относительности

яю>ABC;0BK A?5F80;L=>9 B5>@88 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8. !?5F80;L=0O B5>@8O >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8 B0:65 :0: 8 LNB>=>2A:0O <5E0=8:0 ?@54?>;0305B, GB> 2@5<O >4=>@>4=>, 0 ?@>AB@0=AB2> >4=>@>4=> 8 87>B>?=>.  >A=>25 A?5F80;L=>9 B5>@88 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8 ;560B 2 ?>ABC;0B0, :>B>@K5 O2;ONBAO @57C;LB0B>< M:A?5@5<5=B0;L=> CAB0=>2;5==KE 70:>=><5@=>AB59.

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2 ?>ABC;0B 2K@0605B ?@8=F8? 8<20@80=B=>AB8 A:>@>AB8 A25B0. !:>@>ABL A25B0 2 20:CC<5 =5 7028A8B >B A:>@>AB8 42865=8O 8AB>G=8:0. =0 >48=0:>20 2> 2A5E =0?@02;5=8OE 8 2> 2A5E 8=5@F80;L=KE A8AB5<0E >BAG5B0. !:>@>ABL A25B0 2 20:CC<5 O2;O5BAO ?@545;L=>9 A:>@>ABLN 2 ?@8@>45.

-9=HB59= ?5@5A<>B@5; :;0AA8G5A:85 A2>9AB20 ?@>AB@0=AB20 8 2@5<5=8. = ?@54?>;>68;, GB> 2@5<O 2 @07;8G=KE 8=5@F80;L=KE A8AB5<0E >BAG5B0 B5G5B =5>48=0:>2>. @>AB@0=AB2> 8 2@5<O 2 B5>@88 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8 @0AA<0B@8205BAO A>2<5AB=>, 0 =5 >1>A>1;5==>, :0: 2 LNB>=>2A:>9 <5E0=8:5. =8 >1@07CNB 548=>5 4E-<5@=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> 8 2@5<O. >7L<5< 2 B0:>< 4E-<5@=>< ?@>AB@0=AB25 8 2@5<5=8 45:0@B>2CN A8AB5<C :>>@48=0B A >AO<8 (x, y, z, ct). >;>65=85 B5;0 2 B0:>< 4E-<5@=>< ?@>AB@0=AB25 87>1@0605BAO B>G:>9 A :>>@48=0B0<8 (x, y, z, ct). -B0 B>G:0 =07K205BAO <8@>2>9 B>G:>9. !> 2@5<5=5< >=0 <5=O5B A2>5 ?>;>65=85, >?8AK20O 2 4E-<5@=>< ?@>AB@0=AB25 =5:>B>@CN ;8=8N, =07K205<CN <8@>2>9 ;8=859. 065 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 B5;> >AB05BAO =5?>4286=K< 2 >1KG=>< 3E-<5@=>< ?@>AB@0=AB25, 53> <8@>20O B>G:0 ?5@5<5I05BAO 24>;L >A8 ct.

K15@5< 2 8=5@F80;L=K5 A8AB5<K >BAG5B0 k (x, y, z, t) 8 k (x , y , z , t ). C45< AG8B0BL, GB> A8AB5<0 >BAG5B0 k 42865BAO >B=>A8B5;L=> A8AB5<K k A> A:>@>ABLN v, =0?@02;5==>9 24>;L >A8 OX. CABL 2 =0G0;L=K9 <><5=B 2@5<5=8 =0G0;0 MB8E A8AB5< >BAG5B0 A>2?040NB.  MB>B <><5=B 87 =0G0;0 >BAG5B0 24>;L >A8 OX 87;CG05BAO A25B>2>9 8<?C;LA. 0 2@5<O t 2 A8AB5<5 >BAG5B0 k >= 4>945B 4> B>G:8 ; x = ct ; x = ct

 (x - vt) = x ;  (x  vt ) = x ;

 (ct - vt) = ct #   (ct + t) = ct ; #'  (AB.2) (c (AB.2)  v (AB.2)) = c (AB.2);

 = 1 / [ (:>@5=L) 1  v(AB.2) / c(AB.2) ] ;

 k : x = (x + vt ) / (:>@5=L) (1-v(AB.2)/c(AB.2)) ; y = y ; z = z

 k : x = (x + vt) / (:>@5=L) (1-v(AB.2)/c(AB.2)) ; y = y ; z = z

A?>;L7C5< 7=0G5=85  87 ?@54K4CI53> 2K@065=8O:

t = (t + x v/c (AB.2)) / ((:>@5=L) 1  v(AB.2)/ c (AB.2))

t = (t + x v/c (AB.2)) / ((:>@5=L) 1  v(AB.2)/ c (AB.2))