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Файл:шпоры для зачета у Хановой / 38.природ.долго издержек
.txt яю3 8 . @8@>40 4>;3>A@>G=KE 8745@65: ?@>87- 20
4>;3>A@>G=>< ?5@8>45 2A5 M;5<5=BK 8745@65: 87<5=G82K, ?>MB><C 4>;3>A@>G=K5 8745@6:8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A>2>:C?=>ABL B>G5:, E0@0:B5@87CNI8E <8=8<0;L=K5 4;O :064>3> >1J5<0 ?@>87- 20 8745@6:8.
708<>A2O7L 8745@65: 2 :@0B:>A@>G=>< 8 4>;3>A@>G=>< ?5@8>45
0 @8AC=:5 87>1@065=0 A5@8O :@82KE :@0B:>A@>G=KE 8745@65:, A>>B25BAB2CNI8E @07;8G=K< @07<5@0< D8@<K ( <0AHB010 ?@>87- 20) . CABL ?5@2>=0G0;L=> D8@<0 =0E>48BAO 2 :@0B:>A@>G=>< ?5@8>45 !, =0 CG0AB:5 >B@57:0 . =0 <>65B =0@0I820BL ?@>87- 20, ?>:0 =5 =0ABC?8B MDD5:B C1K20=8O ?@>872>48B5;L=>AB8 ( >B40G8) , B. 5. ?>:0 :@0B:>A@>G=K5 A@54=85 8745@6:8 =5 =0G=CB @0AB8 MB> >B@57>: . 0;55 2>7<>6=>AB8 =0@0I820=8O ?@>87- 20 8AG5@?K20NBAO 2 :@0B:. ?5@8>45. "@51C5BAO =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O, GB>1K D8@<0 <>3;0 >@30=87>20BL ?@- 2> 2 =>2>< <0AHB015 8 87<5=8BL ?0@0<5B@K 2A5E 284>2 @5AC@A>2. "0:8< >1@07><, D8@<0 4>AB8305B <0AHB010 !2 . 8 2> 2B>@>< :@0B:. ?5@8>45 D8@<0 <>65B C25;8G820BL >1J5< ?@- 20, ?>:0 =5 =0G=5B 459AB2>20BL MDD5:B C1K20NI59 >B40G8. 1J548=82 87<5=5=8O 2 8745@6:0E @07=KE :@0B:. ?5@8>4>2, ?>;CG8< :@82CN 4>;3>A@>G=KE A@54=8E 8745@65: ?@- 20 L A C . $>@<0 :@82>9 L A C >?@545;O5BAO MDD5:B>< <0AHB010. A;8 ?> <5@5 @>AB0 <0AHB010 ?@- 20 ! 8<55 B5=45=F8N : ?>=865=8N, 3>2>@OB > ?>;>68B5;L=>< MDD5:B5 <0AHB010 8;8 M:>=><88 >B @>AB0 ?@- 20 ( CG0AB>: :@82>9 L A C ) . #G0AB>: 2 : ?>:07K205B ?>AB>O=AB2> >B40G8 >B @>AB0 <0AHB010 ?@- 20. #G0AB>: 3 : 5A;8 A @>AB>< <0AHB010 ?@- 20 A@54=85 8745@6:8 2>7@0AB0NB, B> MDD5:B <0AHB010 1C45B >B@8F0B5;L=K<. !;8H:>< 1>;LH85 @07<5@K ?@- 20 G@57<5@=> C25;8G820NB @0AE>4K =0 C?@02;5=85 B0:>9 D8@<>9. @85=B8@COAL =0 40==CN :@82CN, 8>6=> >?@545;8BL, 4> :0:8E ?>@A;54C5B =0@0I820BL ?@- 20 2 4>;3>@>G=>< ?5@8>45.
0 @8AC=:5 >1J5< ?@- 20 2 B. Q A>>B25BAB2C5B A0<>9 =86=59 B>G:5 :@82>9 L A C , A;54>20B5;L=> 8<5==> 2 MB>< A;CG05 D8@<0 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 8A?>;L7C5B ?>;>68B5;L=K9 MDD5:B <0AHB010 8 4>AB8305B <8=8<870F88 4;O 8745@65: =5 B>;L:> 2 :@0B:>A@>G=><, => 8 4>;3>A@- < ?5@8>40E.
4>;3>A@>G=>< ?5@8>45 2A5 M;5<5=BK 8745@65: 87<5=G82K, ?>MB><C 4>;3>A@>G=K5 8745@6:8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A>2>:C?=>ABL B>G5:, E0@0:B5@87CNI8E <8=8<0;L=K5 4;O :064>3> >1J5<0 ?@>87- 20 8745@6:8.
708<>A2O7L 8745@65: 2 :@0B:>A@>G=>< 8 4>;3>A@>G=>< ?5@8>45
0 @8AC=:5 87>1@065=0 A5@8O :@82KE :@0B:>A@>G=KE 8745@65:, A>>B25BAB2CNI8E @07;8G=K< @07<5@0< D8@<K ( <0AHB010 ?@>87- 20) . CABL ?5@2>=0G0;L=> D8@<0 =0E>48BAO 2 :@0B:>A@>G=>< ?5@8>45 !, =0 CG0AB:5 >B@57:0 . =0 <>65B =0@0I820BL ?@>87- 20, ?>:0 =5 =0ABC?8B MDD5:B C1K20=8O ?@>872>48B5;L=>AB8 ( >B40G8) , B. 5. ?>:0 :@0B:>A@>G=K5 A@54=85 8745@6:8 =5 =0G=CB @0AB8 MB> >B@57>: . 0;55 2>7<>6=>AB8 =0@0I820=8O ?@>87- 20 8AG5@?K20NBAO 2 :@0B:. ?5@8>45. "@51C5BAO =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O, GB>1K D8@<0 <>3;0 >@30=87>20BL ?@- 2> 2 =>2>< <0AHB015 8 87<5=8BL ?0@0<5B@K 2A5E 284>2 @5AC@A>2. "0:8< >1@07><, D8@<0 4>AB8305B <0AHB010 !2 . 8 2> 2B>@>< :@0B:. ?5@8>45 D8@<0 <>65B C25;8G820BL >1J5< ?@- 20, ?>:0 =5 =0G=5B 459AB2>20BL MDD5:B C1K20NI59 >B40G8. 1J548=82 87<5=5=8O 2 8745@6:0E @07=KE :@0B:. ?5@8>4>2, ?>;CG8< :@82CN 4>;3>A@>G=KE A@54=8E 8745@65: ?@- 20 L A C . $>@<0 :@82>9 L A C >?@545;O5BAO MDD5:B>< <0AHB010. A;8 ?> <5@5 @>AB0 <0AHB010 ?@- 20 ! 8<55 B5=45=F8N : ?>=865=8N, 3>2>@OB > ?>;>68B5;L=>< MDD5:B5 <0AHB010 8;8 M:>=><88 >B @>AB0 ?@- 20 ( CG0AB>: :@82>9 L A C ) . #G0AB>: 2 : ?>:07K205B ?>AB>O=AB2> >B40G8 >B @>AB0 <0AHB010 ?@- 20. #G0AB>: 3 : 5A;8 A @>AB>< <0AHB010 ?@- 20 A@54=85 8745@6:8 2>7@0AB0NB, B> MDD5:B <0AHB010 1C45B >B@8F0B5;L=K<. !;8H:>< 1>;LH85 @07<5@K ?@- 20 G@57<5@=> C25;8G820NB @0AE>4K =0 C?@02;5=85 B0:>9 D8@<>9. @85=B8@COAL =0 40==CN :@82CN, 8>6=> >?@545;8BL, 4> :0:8E ?>@A;54C5B =0@0I820BL ?@- 20 2 4>;3>@>G=>< ?5@8>45.
0 @8AC=:5 >1J5< ?@- 20 2 B. Q A>>B25BAB2C5B A0<>9 =86=59 B>G:5 :@82>9 L A C , A;54>20B5;L=> 8<5==> 2 MB>< A;CG05 D8@<0 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 8A?>;L7C5B ?>;>68B5;L=K9 MDD5:B <0AHB010 8 4>AB8305B <8=8<870F88 4;O 8745@65: =5 B>;L:> 2 :@0B:>A@>G=><, => 8 4>;3>A@- < ?5@8>40E.
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