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Файл:Философия по И.И. Кальному / Классический период античной философии
.txt юяB>@>9 MB0? 2 @0728B88 =B8G=>9 D8;>A>D88 =0G8=05BAO ?@81;878B5;L=> A ?>;>28=K V 25:0 8 53> ACI5AB25==0O G0ABL ?@8E>48BAO =0 I V 2 . 4> = . M . >?@545;O5BAO :0: :;0AA8G5A:89 .
! 8<5=5< !>:@0B0 A2O7K20NB ?5@2K5 H038 @0728;8O :;0AA8G5A:>9 D8;>A>D88 . = ?>;0305B , GB> >1J5:B>< ?@8AB0;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O 4>;6=K 1KBL G5;>25: 8 53> 45O=8O , 0 ?>B>< 2A5 >AB0;L=>5 . AE>4=K9 B578A 53> D8;>A>D88 : « >7=09 A0<>3> A51O » .
-B> 87@5G5=85 ?>A;C68;> B>;G:>< : D8;>A>DAB2>20=8N 8 ?@54>?@545;8;> >A=>2=>5 =0?@02;5=85 53> D8;>A>DA:8E ?>8A:>2 8AB8=K . !>:@0B 2>A?@8=O; MB> 87@5G5=85 :0: ?@87K2 : ?>7=0=8N 2>>1I5 , : 2KOA=5=8N A<KA;0 , @>;8 8 3@0=8F G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>7=0=8O 2 A>>B=>H5=88 A 1>65AB25==>9 <C4@>ABLN . 5GL , B0:8< >1@07>< , H;0 =5 > G0AB=>ABOE , 0 > ?@8=F8?5 ?>7=0=8O G5;>25:>< A2>53> <5AB0 2 <8@5 .
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A>1>5 <5AB> 2 0=B8G=>9 D8;>A>D88 :;0AA8G5A:>3> ?5@8>40 70=8<05B ;0B>= ( 4 2 7 3 4 7 3 . 4> = . M . ) .
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;0B>= 2KAB@08205B A2>N :>=F5?F8N ?>7=0=8O . CH0 2:;NG05B @07C< , 2>;N 8 GC2AB20 . 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3> , :0:0O G0ABL 4CH8 2KABC?05B 4><8=0=B>9 , A:;04K205BAO CAB0=>2:0 G5;>25:0 =0 >B=>H5=85 : <8@C . 07C< =0F5;5= =0 ?>7=0=85 , 2>;O =0 1;03>@>4=K5 65;0=8O , 0 GC2AB20 =0 =87<5==K5 2;5G5=8O .
"0:8< >1@07>< , ?>7=0=85 <8@0 2>7<>6=> , => =5 4;O :064>3> .
;02=K9 B578A 3=>A5>;>388 ;0B>=0 A>AB>8B 2 B>< , GB> «=0=85 MB> ?@8?><8=0=85 (0=0<=578A ) » .
025@H5=85< D8;>A>D88 >1J5:B82=>3> 8450;87<0 ;0B>=0 O2;O5BAO CG5=85 > =@02AB25==>AB8 (MB8:0 ) 8 > 3>AC40@AB25 (?>;8B8:0 ) . >AC40@AB2> ?>4>1=> G5;>25:C , 0 G5;>25: 3>AC40@AB2C . @02AB25==> A>25@H5==K< G5;>25: <>65B 1KBL B>;L:> 2 A>25@H5==>< 3>AC40@AB25 .
;0AA8G5A:89 ?5@8>4 D8;>A>D88 0=B8G=>AB8 ?@>4>;605B @8AB>B5;L ( 3 8 4 3 2 2 3 . 4> = . M . ) . #G5=8: ;0B>=0 8 CG8B5;L . 0:54>=A:>3> . A=>20B5;L A>1AB25==>9 D8;>A>DA:>9 H:>;K . !8AB5<0B870B>@ D8;>A>DA:>3> 7=0=8O . -=F8:;>?548AB .
$8;>A>D8O @8AB>B5;O >E20BK205B 2>?@>AK ;>38:8 , ?A8E>;>388 B5>@88 ?>7=0=8O , CG5=8O > 1KB88 , :>A<>;>388 , D878:8 , 7>>;>388 , ?>;8B>;>388 , M:>=><8:8 , ?>;8B8:8 ,
MB8:8 , ?5403>38:8 , @8B>@8:8 , MAB5B8:8 . = >1AC6405B 8 :@8B8:C5B >B45;L=K5
?>;>65=8O ;0B>=0 , 0B><8AB>2 , ?8D03>@59F52 , @0==8E <0B5@80;8AB>2 . -B8 :@8B5@88
22545=8O ?@54AB02;ONB 1>;LHCN F5==>ABL .
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=> >=0 =5 5ABL 8 ?>BCAB>@>==OO ACI=>ABL .
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>1J5:B82=> ACI5AB2CNI8E A2O759 . @8AB>B5;L @0AA<0B@8205B ;>38G5A:>5 AB@>5=85
AC645=89 , 2>?@>AK > B5@<8=0E , >1 >?@545;5=88 AB@>5=88 8 > ?@028;L=>AB8
C<>70:;NG5=89 8 4>:070B5;LAB25 . F5=B@5 2A5E MB8E 8AA;54>20=89 ;568B B5>@8O C<>70:;NG5=89 .
>A<>;>38O - 35>F5=B@8G5A:0O . 5<;O - H0@ .
AB>G=8: 42865=8O - 1>3 (?5@2>42830B5;L ) .
$878:0 . 4=8< 87 206=59H8E ?@8=F8?>2 O2;O5BAO CG5=85 > F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8 2
?@8@>45 . -B>B ?@8=F8? @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O =0 2A5 1KB85 8 4065 =0 1>30 . -B0
F5;5A>>1@07=>ABL O2;O5BAO 2=CB@5==59 8 15AA>7=0B5;L=>9 F5;5A>>1@07=>ABLN
?@8@>4K . @8<5@K F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8 @8AB>B5;L 2845; 2 @>AB5 >@30=87<>2 .
! 8<5=5< !>:@0B0 A2O7K20NB ?5@2K5 H038 @0728;8O :;0AA8G5A:>9 D8;>A>D88 . = ?>;0305B , GB> >1J5:B>< ?@8AB0;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O 4>;6=K 1KBL G5;>25: 8 53> 45O=8O , 0 ?>B>< 2A5 >AB0;L=>5 . AE>4=K9 B578A 53> D8;>A>D88 : « >7=09 A0<>3> A51O » .
-B> 87@5G5=85 ?>A;C68;> B>;G:>< : D8;>A>DAB2>20=8N 8 ?@54>?@545;8;> >A=>2=>5 =0?@02;5=85 53> D8;>A>DA:8E ?>8A:>2 8AB8=K . !>:@0B 2>A?@8=O; MB> 87@5G5=85 :0: ?@87K2 : ?>7=0=8N 2>>1I5 , : 2KOA=5=8N A<KA;0 , @>;8 8 3@0=8F G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>7=0=8O 2 A>>B=>H5=88 A 1>65AB25==>9 <C4@>ABLN . 5GL , B0:8< >1@07>< , H;0 =5 > G0AB=>ABOE , 0 > ?@8=F8?5 ?>7=0=8O G5;>25:>< A2>53> <5AB0 2 <8@5 .
!>:@0B>2A:>5 ?@>=8:=>25=85 2 ACI5AB2> G5;>25G5A:8E ?@>1;5< B@51>20;> =>2KE , 8AB8==KE ?CB59 ?>7=0=8O . $8;>A>DA:89 8=B5@5A !>:@0B0 : ?@>1;5<0B8:5 G5;>25:0 8 G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>7=0=8O 7=0<5=>20; A>1>9 ?>2>@>B >B ?@56=59 =0BC@D8;>A>D88 : <>@0;L=>9 D8;>A>D88 . '5;>25: 8 53> <5AB> 2 <8@5 AB0;8 F5=B@0;L=>9 ?@>1;5<>9 MB8:8 !>:@0B0 8 3;02=>9 B5<>9 2A5E 53> 15A54 .
A>1>5 <5AB> 2 0=B8G=>9 D8;>A>D88 :;0AA8G5A:>3> ?5@8>40 70=8<05B ;0B>= ( 4 2 7 3 4 7 3 . 4> = . M . ) .
7<5=G82><C <8@C 25I59 ;0B>= ?@>B82>?>AB028; =587<5==K9 <8@ 8459 :0: <8@ «8AB8==>3> 1KB8O » , >1>A=>2K20O 3>A?>4AB2> >1I53> , ACI5AB2CNI53> 2=5 548=8G=>3> 8 =04 548=8G=K< .
;0B>= 2KAB@08205B A2>N :>=F5?F8N ?>7=0=8O . CH0 2:;NG05B @07C< , 2>;N 8 GC2AB20 . 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3> , :0:0O G0ABL 4CH8 2KABC?05B 4><8=0=B>9 , A:;04K205BAO CAB0=>2:0 G5;>25:0 =0 >B=>H5=85 : <8@C . 07C< =0F5;5= =0 ?>7=0=85 , 2>;O =0 1;03>@>4=K5 65;0=8O , 0 GC2AB20 =0 =87<5==K5 2;5G5=8O .
"0:8< >1@07>< , ?>7=0=85 <8@0 2>7<>6=> , => =5 4;O :064>3> .
;02=K9 B578A 3=>A5>;>388 ;0B>=0 A>AB>8B 2 B>< , GB> «=0=85 MB> ?@8?><8=0=85 (0=0<=578A ) » .
025@H5=85< D8;>A>D88 >1J5:B82=>3> 8450;87<0 ;0B>=0 O2;O5BAO CG5=85 > =@02AB25==>AB8 (MB8:0 ) 8 > 3>AC40@AB25 (?>;8B8:0 ) . >AC40@AB2> ?>4>1=> G5;>25:C , 0 G5;>25: 3>AC40@AB2C . @02AB25==> A>25@H5==K< G5;>25: <>65B 1KBL B>;L:> 2 A>25@H5==>< 3>AC40@AB25 .
;0AA8G5A:89 ?5@8>4 D8;>A>D88 0=B8G=>AB8 ?@>4>;605B @8AB>B5;L ( 3 8 4 3 2 2 3 . 4> = . M . ) . #G5=8: ;0B>=0 8 CG8B5;L . 0:54>=A:>3> . A=>20B5;L A>1AB25==>9 D8;>A>DA:>9 H:>;K . !8AB5<0B870B>@ D8;>A>DA:>3> 7=0=8O . -=F8:;>?548AB .
$8;>A>D8O @8AB>B5;O >E20BK205B 2>?@>AK ;>38:8 , ?A8E>;>388 B5>@88 ?>7=0=8O , CG5=8O > 1KB88 , :>A<>;>388 , D878:8 , 7>>;>388 , ?>;8B>;>388 , M:>=><8:8 , ?>;8B8:8 ,
MB8:8 , ?5403>38:8 , @8B>@8:8 , MAB5B8:8 . = >1AC6405B 8 :@8B8:C5B >B45;L=K5
?>;>65=8O ;0B>=0 , 0B><8AB>2 , ?8D03>@59F52 , @0==8E <0B5@80;8AB>2 . -B8 :@8B5@88
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=> >=0 =5 5ABL 8 ?>BCAB>@>==OO ACI=>ABL .
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F5;5A>>1@07=>ABL O2;O5BAO 2=CB@5==59 8 15AA>7=0B5;L=>9 F5;5A>>1@07=>ABLN
?@8@>4K . @8<5@K F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8 @8AB>B5;L 2845; 2 @>AB5 >@30=87<>2 .
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