английский сборник по реферированию

Запомните наиболее употребительные слова общего характера:

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Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие выражения:

the overall evidence suggests that; the only found abnormality was; the outcomes of hospital management; the findings of the survey showed that; the radiologic study revealed stomach involvement; the expected response to the antibiotic; severe pain in the leg; the mean follow-up period was 10 years; to find the underlying cause of the disease; to calculate the glomerular filtration rate; secondary prevention; to establish the incidence of pneumonia in general population; the counted frequency of urination; to experience stress symptoms; to shorten the duration of colds; to develop severe complications after the operation; to take vitamine C at onset of a cold; severity of disease; complication of asthma, neurological recovery; prevalence of asymptomatic brain infarcts; cause of inflammation.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык фрагменты предложений, обращая внимание на цели исследования.

1.The objective was to assess the capacity (способность) of progestins to influence … .

2.The4B aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gluten on … .

3.We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of brain infarcts in patients with … .

3.The objective of this study was to determine the rate of … .

4.Our purpose was to establish the incidence of bronchopneumonia in patients …

5.We conducted a study to investigate a possible association between … and … .

6.We evaluated the frequency of urinary tract infection in children with … .

7.This survey analyzed perceptions (мнения) of physicians, nurses, patients and relatives about effectiveness of … .

8.We evaluated the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of children with …

9.We assessed the survival rate (коэффициент выживаемости) in kidney donors during … .

10.The present report describes the clinical picture and microbiological characteristics of this condition … .

11.This review assessed the effects of antibiotic treatment for patients with … . 12.The objective of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology, management, and

outcomes of children with … .

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, в которых содержится косвенный вопрос, на русский язык. Обратите внимание, на то, что слово whether вводит придаточное дополнительное предложение. Перевод придаточного дополнительного предложения следует начинать с перевода сказуемого, к которому следует добавить частицу ли.

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Образец: We investigated whether active yogurt bacteria improve human immunity.

Мы исследовали, повышают ли активные йогуртовые культуры иммунитет человека.

1.The purpose of this study was to reveal whether stress worsens the clinical symptomatology of the disease.

2.In this study, we investigated whether nitrate therapy affords protection against ischemic events.

3.The aim of this study was to determine whether certain patient characteristics could predict antibiotic use for acute bronchitis.

4.The aim of this study was to evaluate whether thromboxane inhibition can affect renal perfusion.

5.This study examined whether low-dose antibiotic therapy prevents urinary tract infection in children.

6.This study examined whether higher intakes (повышенное потребление) of milk and other calcium-rich foods during adult years can reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.

7.We investigated whether infection was a cause of sudden death in infancy (ранний детский возраст).

8.We investigated whether primary prevention of coronary heart disease might be more effective than secondary prevention.

Упражнение 6. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Обратите особое внимание на краткое описание проблем и целей исследований.

a)12B RELATIONSHIP OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY TO CORONARY

HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS IN ADULTHOOD

David S. Freedman, Laura Kettel Khan, William H Dietz, and Gerald S. Berenson PEDIATRICS, Vol. 108, No. 3, September 1, 2001, pp. 712-718

BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is related to adult levels of lipids, blood pressure, and insulin and to morbidity from coronary heart disease (CHD). OBJECTIVE To establish the importance of the age at which obesity develops. DESIGN We performed a prospective, observational study to assess the relationship of childhood body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) to adult levels of lipids, insulin, and blood pressure among 2617 participants. All participants were initially examined at ages 2 to 17 years and were reexamined at ages 18 to 37 years; the mean follow-up period was 17 years.

RESULTS Of the overweight children, 77% remained obese as adults. Although obese adults had increased levels of lipids, insulin, and blood pressure, levels of these risk factors did not vary with childhood weight status or with the age (8 years, 12-17 years, or 18 years) of obesity onset.

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CONCLUSIONS Additional data are needed to assess the independent relationship of childhood weight to CHD morbidity rate.

obesity – ожирение

relationship – взаимосвязь

body mass index – индекс массы тела

b)DIETARY CALCIUM CONSUMPTION AND ITS RELATION WITH

STRESS SYMPTOMS OF ADOLESCENTS

Fatma Arpaci, Saime Kücükkömürler

The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness, 2007, Volume4, Issue 1

BACKGROUND There have been found some associations between nutritional and vitamin deficiencies and stress. But no study has been performed to examine the relation between stress symptoms and diet calcium.

OBJECTIVE To investigate dietary calcium consumption and its relation with stress symptoms of healthy adolescents.

METHOD A prospective, questionnaire survey investigated 88 volunteer university students. Nutrients taken during 1-day period were recorded and estimated. Calcium levels were calculated. A questionnaire containing 19 stress symptoms was applied.

RESULTS Dietary calcium level of 70.5 % of adolescents is low. Physiological and psychological stress symptoms in the adolescents having a normal level of calcium did not significantly change compared to those having a low level of calcium.

CONCLUSION It was found that stress symptom experience of adolescents was not affected by dietary calcium levels and that both the adolescents having a low level calcium and those having normal level calcium experienced stress symptoms.

аssociation – взаимосвязь

consumption – потребление

adolescent – подросток

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Материалы и ЗАНЯТИЕ методы 3

исследования

Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в рефератах:

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17.participant (Syn. subject, volunteer) участник (клинического

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Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на материалы и методы исследования.

1.One hundred adult volunteers participated in this randomized prospective study.

2.We performed bibliographical searches of a surgical database.

3.We retrospectively reviewed the imaging studies from the past 5 years of 38 children.

4.Incidence of disease was followed-up for a mean period of 10.5 years.

5.We reviewed 1597 consecutive autopsies of HIV-positive patients performed between 1984 and 2000.

6.We performed a longitudinal analysis of antibody titers specific for viral antigens in 45 subjects for a period of up to 26 years.

7.We performed a MEDLINE search of English-language literature from 19662004 with particular attention to data from randomized clinical studies.

8.Scoring methods have been developed to identify coronary heart disease.

9.We developed a rule to rule out (исключить) coronary heart disease by means of a logistic regression model.

10.Fourteen patients were studied according to a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over design.

11.We performed a prospective, observational questionnaire survey in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections as part of a multicenter cohort study.

12.Two hundred healthcare workers were screened.

13.Ten patients had subclinical carditis on admission, six of whom were followed-up for five years.

14.Data were collected from a multicenter clinical cohort studies including 672 consecutive patients with chest pain.

15.We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study of 8 weeks of treatment with placebo, growth hormone or testosterone.

16.The purpose of this population-based, case-control study was to test (проверить) the hypothesis that long-term mobile phone use increases the risk of brain tumors.

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17.Detailed information about mobile phone use was collected from 371 glioma and 273 meningioma cases and 674 controls.

Выучите сокращения, которые часто встречаются в рефератах:

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на используемые в них сокращения.

1.The prevalence of HIV-related lesions in the four periods was respectively 54%, 32%, 18% and 15%; this reduction was statistically significant.

2.These neuropathological data confirm the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in reducing the frequency of HIV-related CNS lesions in AIDS patients.

3.СT, pathology and surgery reports were reviewed.

4.The results of our study show the ability of MRI to provide additional information useful for the management of patients in cases of pelvic abscess.

5.Urinary tract infection was present in 11% and was more commonly present in girls than in boys (33% vs 3%).

6.Blood eosinophil count and total IgE and specific IgE were measured at 4 years of age.

Упражнение 4. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Обратите особое внимание на материалы и методы исследования.

a) RISK OF STROKE AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY

CairuH Li,H HGunnar Engstrom,H HBo Hedblad Maturitas, 2006, Vol. 54, Issue 1, pp. 11-18

THE PURPOSE of this study was to examine the risk of stroke in relation to use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) among middle-aged and older Swedish women.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of 16,906 women, 45–73 years old, from Malmö (Máльмё), Sweden. Women were considered as HRT users if they took systemic hormone therapy regularly. Incidence of stroke was followed for a mean period of 10.5 years.

RESULTS In all, 2148 (12.7%) women used HRT. A total of 461 stroke cases occurred during follow-up, 48 of them in HRT users. Incidence of total stroke had no significant relation to HRT use. However, an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke was found in women taking estrogen. Although not significantly, the risk of stroke was 33% lower in women who started their treatment before menopause. Among HRT users, the risk of stroke was associated with advancing age, smoking, excess body weight and hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS There is no significant association between hormone therapy and risk of total stroke in women during 10.5 years follow-up. Preparations of estrogen and time for initiation of treatment may affect the risk of stroke.

hormone replacement therapy – гормонозамещающая терапия

stroke – удар, инсульт

however – однако, тем не менее

b)2B THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON BODY COMPOSITION

AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETES

NelsonH AEH, Hansen JL,H CliffordH DH

Annals of Internal Medicine, 2010, Vol. 152. Issue 9, pp. 568-577

BACKGROUND Growth hormone is widely used by athletes, frequently with androgenic steroids. Its effects on physical performance are unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of growth hormone alone or with testosterone on body composition and performance.

DESIGN Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study of 8 weeks of treatment followed by a 6-week washout period.

PARTICIPANTS 96 athletes (63 men and 33 women) with a mean age of 27.9 years.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Men received placebo, growth hormone, testosterone, or combined treatments. Women received either placebo or growth hormone. Body composition and physical performance variables were analysed.

Growth hormone significantly reduced fat mass, increased lean body mass, and increased body cell mass in men when coadministered with testosterone. Growth hormone significantly increased sprint capacity in men and women and when coadministered with testosterone to men; other performance measures did not significantly change.

CONCLUSION Growth hormone influenced body composition and increased sprint capacity when administered alone and in combination with testosterone.

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