Нова методичка Взуття Частина I

4.suede – замша

5.patent leather –лаковашкіра

6.deer – олень

2.Listen to the text and define if the statement is true or false:

1.Cowhide is somewhat lighter than calfskin.

2.Kidskin is made from the skin of young cows.

3.Patent leather has a synthetic surface.

3. Listen to the text again and be ready to answer the questions:

1.What is the finest suede made from?

2.Why should you feel the leather before purchasing?

Unit 5

The foot

Text A

1.Read and remember the following words:

1.foot – стопа

2.ancient – стародавній

3.crucial – вирішальний

4.rough – нерівний

5.weight – вага

6.rigid – жорсткий

7.absorb – поглинати

8.terrain – місцевість

9.dimension – вимір

10.tough – міцний, грубий

11.stride – крок

12.sore – хворий

13.conquer – завойовувати

14.sturdy -міцний

2. Read and translate the following text: The foot

Walking on two feet, has been used as a definition of what makes us human since the time of the ancient Greeks, and most scientists still agree that bipedalism is one of the crucial factors separating humans from other animals.

The human body underwent many adaptations that made up right walking possible. Feet are well adapted for getting us around on rough, rocky, powdery, or uneven ground. Our feet carry us uphill and downhill. We walk, run, jump, hop, dance, swim, hike, or just stand still with the help of our feet. The foot is small, but considering all the movements it must make, it is complex. Each foot has twenty-eight bones and thirtytwo joints.

The feet account for only about two percent of our total body weight, but those two small structures support the weight of our whole body when we stand.

When our feet push off from the ground, they need to be rigid; but they need to be flexible when they hit the ground to absorb the shock and adjust to the terrain. The design of the foot includes three arches that help absorb shock, balance the body, and create the lever that moves us along. By raising and lowering the arches, feet can get longer, wider, shorter, narrower, and adjust for all the movements we expect of them. All these changing dimensions of the foot must fit into a shoe that has only one shape and size.

Feet suffer a lot of wear and tear. An average person walks 15,000 steps a day. The skin of the sole of the foot is ten times thicker than the skin on the rest of our bodies. Extremely sensitive for something so tough and thick, the sole can feel a feather brushing against it. Feet need to be sensitive to help us adjust our stride and speed as we negotiate different surfaces. If you've ever tried walking when your foot has fallen asleep, you will know how essential the feeling in your foot is.

Some people even think that there are reflex areas in the feet that correspond to all the major organs and all parts of the body. They believe that because the foot is so sensitive, it is possible to relieve problems anywhere in the body by massaging the area of the foot linked with the part that is giving them trouble. In any case, a good, foot massage is relaxing and makes most people feel somewhat better. Sore feet definitely affect the way we feel. We literally can't get far without healthy feet.

Through out history, shoes have been worn as symbols of religion, rank, wealth, or power. Decoration, colour, and style became as important as workmanship and fit. Whenever people traveled to other places, traded with other groups, or conquered other lands, shoe inventions and fashions were exchanged.

Early man made his own shoes, and some people continued to make shoes for themselves and their families until recent times. Shoemaking, however, soon became a job that everyone who could afford to left to skilled workers.

Until, the last couple of centuries, the design of men’s shoes was given more attention than those for women. Women's feet were often hidden beneath long skirts. Men had a greater variety of styles and ornaments; women usually wore shoes of more delicate materials. Working people needed sturdy, practical footwear. Wealthy people wore shoes that showed they didn't need to work, and in some cases, even to walk. Children have usually worn smaller versions of adult styles.

3. Answer the questions.

1.How many joints has the foot?

2.Why is it important for foot to be flexible?

3.How can feet get longer, wider, shorter and narrower?

4.How many steps does an average person walk a day?

5.Are there reflex areas in the feet that correspond to all the major organs?

6.As what symbol have shoes been worn throughout history?

7.Did women wear shoes of more delicate material?

4. Complete the sentences.

1.The human body ………. many adaptations that made upright walking possible.

2.We walk, run, jump, hop, dance, swim, hike, or ………

3.Each foot has ……… bones.

4.The skin of the sole of the foot is ………

5.Shoemaking, however, soon became a job ………

5.Find the English equivalents to the words:

міцний,нерівний,місцевість,жорстк,погл,шкіра,чутлинатий, вий поверхня,багатство,влада.

6.Make up sentences with the terms:

Crucial, body, uneven, rigid, balance, adjust, tear, beneath, sturdy, shoemaking.

7. Translate the sentences into English.

1Устілки. уцихчолотуфляхвиготовленіічихізшкіри.

2Увиро. бницвзушкірутпочаливітязамінюватис нтематеріали. ичні 3Увзутті. всечастішекомбінуютьсярізнівидиматеріалів. 4Використання. синтемаувироичнихеріаліввзуттябництвіуде розширюватися.

5Існують. різнівишкірдверхуилявзуття:замша,ве люр,лаковашкірата інші.

6ВУкраїні. працюютьфабрикизвиробництвавзуття. 7Кадри. длявзуттєвпромисловготуютьуніверїтак .леджістіитети 8Шкіра. єосновнматеріалому иробництвівзуття.

8. Practise asking questions.

1.The human body underwent many adaptations that made upright walking possible.

2.Today has been called the age of Technology.

3.Footwear manufacture has become the developed branch of light industry.

4.British firms produce all kinds of men’s, women’s, children’s footwear.

5.Footwear designing is something more than drawing, it requires the necessary knowledge of shoe materials.

9. Speak on the topic using the following words and word-combinations. human body, complex, joint, flexible, absorb the shock, adjust to the terrain, step, skin, thick, sensitive, shoemaking, beneath long skirt.

Text B

1. Read and remember.

1.outfit – комплектодягу

2.influence – впливати

3.wearer – носій

4.clue – ключ

5.nurse – нянька

6.borrow – брати

7.clown – клоун

8.huge – великий

9.funny – смішний

10.protect – захищати

11.custom – звичай

2. Read the text and define the main idea of it:

What do your shoes say about you?

How did you choose the shoes you are wearing today? Did you slide into your most comfortable ones? Did you select them to go with the outfit you are wearing? Do you have plans that require special shoes? Did weather conditions influence your choice? Did you put on the same kind of shoes that your friends would be wearing or did you choose a pair that made you feel different and unique? Were you making a fashion statement or a political statement with your choice? Do your shoes express your mood? Do you plan to wear the same shoes all day, or change them later on? How about tomorrow?

Shoes tell a lot about their wearer. Sometimes they give clues about what the person is going to do. We recognize the shoes of a ballet dancer, a tap dancer, a runner, a cowboy, a soccer player, a construction worker, a nurse, a firefighter, a fisherman. We can make guesses about the personality of the wearer — a sensible person, an active person, one who likes to be fashionable, different, or comfortable. Shoes might tell us whether the wearer is wealthy. Sherlock Holmes could judge a man’s occupation by his boots.

We could make an estimate of a person's height by the size of his shoes. If we examined how the shoes have changed shape with wear and the places where they are most worn out, the shoes might tell us something about the wearers foot structure and how he walks and stands.

Of course, we can easily be deceived by all these clues. Shoes that were originally made for special purposes frequently have been adopted by people who found them fashionable, comfortable, or useful for a different purpose. Shoe fashions are borrowed from all times and places. Men and women adapt fashion ideas from each other. Shoes are not always made specifically for left and right feet, some shoes can be worn on either foot. People sometimes force their feet into tiny shoes to make the feet seem smaller, and clowns wear huge shoes to look funny.

Almost as soon as people first started protecting their feet with shoes, they began to experiment with techniques and materials to make shoes that fit well and suited their needs. They wanted shoes for the same reasons we do today. Shoes could make the wearers look special and could help them do their jobs safely.

The Chinese found small feet very beautiful and developed one of the most extreme customs for keeping feet tiny. According to some accounts, the practice began in the XIth century B.C. when an empress who was born with club feet declared small feet the height of beauty and ordered her courtiers to imitate her tiny, deformed feet. Most authorities believe this custom began much later, in the first part of the Xth century A.D., and was a fashion based on popular court dancing girls who performed on tiptoe.

3.Make up a plan of the text.

4.Translate the paragraph in italics in a written form.

5.Questions for discussion:

1.How did you choose the shoes you are wearing today?

2.Did weather conditions influence your choice?

3.Do your shoes express your mood?

4.What do your shoes say about you?

Text C

1. Try to remember the following words.

1.barefoot – босоніж

2.rawhide – сирашкіра

3.cork – пробка

4.nobility – дворянство

5.reward – нагороджувати

2.Listen to the text “Classical shoes” and define if the statement is true or false:

1.Early Greeks went barefoot.

2.Wealthier people wore sandals with man-made soles.

3.For early Greeks, simplicity was not the essential for shoe design.

3. Answer the questions.

1.What colour did patricians and nobility wear?

2.In which shoe did Romans conquer the world?

UNIT 6

Footwear for special purposes

Text A

1.Read and remember the following words:

1.riding boots – чоботидляверховоїїзди

2.high shaft – високахалява

3.extra padding – доднабивкаткова

4.obstacles– перешкоди

5.twisting – скручування,вивих

10.attach – прик,приєднуватиіпляти

11. alpine skiing – гірськолижнийспорт

12.cross-country skiing – лижгонкиі

13. ski bindings – лижнекріплення

14.inline skates – роликовіковзани

15.in lieu of – замість

16.steel-tipped toes – носокзістальнимнаконечником

21.heel spurs – п’яточнішпори

22.orthotic – біопротезування

2.Read and translate the following text:

Footwear for special purposes

There is a wide variety of footwear for special purposes. They serve the specific needs of customers.

Cowboy boots are a specific style of riding boots that combines function with fashion. They became popular among cowboys in the western United States during the 19th century. Traditional cowboy boots have a Cuban heel, rounded or pointed toe, high shaft, and, traditionally, no lacing. They are normally made from cowhide leather but may be made from more exotic skins such as ostrich, anaconda, or elephant skins.

Hiking boots are designed to provide extra ankle and arch support, as well as extra padding for comfort during hiking. They are constructed to provide comfort for miles of walking over rough terrains, and protect the hiker's feet against water, mud, rocks, and other wilderness obstacles. These boots support the ankle to avoid twisting but do not restrict the ankle's movement too much. They are fairly stiff to support the foot. Properly fitted boots and/or friction-reducing patches applied to troublesome areas ensure protection against blisters and other discomforts associated with long hikes on rugged terrain.

During wet or snowy weather, snow boots are worn to keep the foot warm and dry. They are typically made of rubber or other water-resistant material, have multiple layers of insulation, and a high heel to keep snow out. Boots may also be attached to snowshoes to increase the distribution of weight over a larger surface area for walking in snow. Ski boots are a specialized snow boots used in alpine or crosscountry skiing and designed to provide a way to attach the skier to his/her skis using ski bindings. The ski/boot/binding combination is used to effectively transmit control inputs from the skier's legs to the snow. Ice skates are another specialized boots with metal blades attached to the bottoms. They are used to propel the wearer across a sheet of ice. Inline skates are similar to ice skates but with a set of three to four wheels in lieu of the blade, which are designed to mimic ice skating on solid surfaces such as wood or concrete.

Boots are designed to withstand heavy wear to protect the wearer and provide good traction. They are generally made from sturdy leather uppers and non-leather outsoles. They may be used for uniforms of the police or military, as well as for protection in industrial settings such as mining and construction. Protective features may include steel-tipped toes and soles or ankle guards.

A wide variety of footwear is used by dancers. The choice of dance shoe type depends on the style of dance that is to be performed and, in many cases, the characteristics of the surface that will be danced on.

Orthopedic shoes are specially-designed footwear to relieve discomfort associated with many foot and ankle disorders, such as blisters, bunions, calluses and corns, hammer toes, plantar fasciitis, or heel spurs. They may also be worn by individuals with diabetes or people with unequal leg length. These shoes typically have a low firm heel to provide extra support and tend to be wide with a particularly wide toe box. Some may also have a removable insole, or orthotic, to provide extra arch support.

3. Answer the questions:

1.What does footwear for special purposes serve?

2.What are the traditional parts of cowboy boots?

3.What are the functions of hiking boots?

4.What materials are used for snow boots?

5.Where and why are ski boots used?

6.What is the difference between ice and inline skates?

7.What footwear is used for uniforms of the police and military?

8.What does the type of dance shoe depend on?

9.How are orthopedic shoes designed?

10.What typical parts do orthopedic shoes have?

4. Complete the sentences with the words from the text:

1.… have a Cuban heel, rounded or pointed toe, high shaft, and, traditionally, no lacing.

2.… provide comfort for miles of walking over rough terrains.

3.Snow boots are typically made of rubber or … .

4.… as well as for protection in industrial settings such as mining and construction.

5.Orthopedic shoes may also have a removable insole, or … .

6. Make up sentences with the words:

special purposes, cowhide leather, to provide support, attached, are designed, to withstand, to protect, for uniforms, dance shoe type, orthopedic shoes.

7. Give definitions to terms:,

hiking boots, snow boots, cowboy boots, dance shoes, orthopedic shoes.

8. Translate the sentences into English:

10. Speak on the topic using the following words and word-combinations: a wide variety, traditional cowboy boots, for comfort during hiking, to keep the foot warm, ski boots, protective features, used by dancers, orthopedic shoes, disorders.

Text B

1.Read and remember:

1.sliding – ковзання

2.desirable – потрібний,бажаний

3.track spikes – шипинавзутті

4.cleats – шипи

5.swing – поворот

6.plimsolls, sandshoes – пляжнітуфлі

7.be consolidated – об’єднаний

8.sneak up on – підкрадатись

9.waffle – ребристий

10.breathable – повітропроникний

11.cushioning – амортизуючий,пружинистий

12.expertise of podiatrists – заклікарівючення -ортопедів

13.implement – забезпечувати,впроваджувати

14.subtly – непомітно

15.traction – силазчеплення

16.cracks – тріщини

17.crevices – щілини,розколина

18.interface – зістикуватися,’єднуватись

19.clipless pedals – контактніпедалі

2.Read the text and define the main idea of it:

Athletic shoes

Athletic shoes are specifically designed to be worn for participating in various sports. Since friction between the foot and the ground is an important force in most sports, modern athletic shoes are designed to maximize this force, and materials, such as rubber, are used. Although, for some activities such as dancing or bowling, sliding is desirable, so shoes designed for these activities often have lower coefficients of friction. The earliest athletic shoes date back to the mid 19th century were track spikes leather shoes with metal cleats on the soles to provide increased friction during running. They were developed by J.W. Foster & Sons, which later became known as Reebok. Adidas started selling shoes with track spikes in them for running and soccer in 1925. Spikes were eventually added to shoes for baseball and American football in the 20th century. Golfers also use shoes with small metal spikes on their soles to prevent slipping during their swing. The earliest rubber-soled athletic shoes date back to 1876 in the United Kingdom, when the New Liverpool Rubber Company made plimsolls, or sandshoes, designed for the sport of croquet. Similar rubber-soled shoes were made in 1892 in the United States. The United States Rubber Company was founded the same year and produced rubber-soled and heeled shoes under a variety of brand names, which were later consolidated in 1916 under the name, Keds. These shoes became known as, "sneakers", because the rubber sole allowed the wearer to sneak up on another person. In 1964 Bill Bowerman of the University of Oregon introduced many new improvements common in modern running shoes, such as rubber waffle soles, breathable nylon uppers, and cushioning in the mid-sole and heel. During the 1970s, the expertise of podiatrists also became important in athletic shoe design, to implement new design features based on how feet reacted to specific actions, such as running, jumping, or side-to-side movement. Athletic shoes for women were also designed for their specific physiological differences.

Shoes specific to the sport of basketball were developed by Chuck Taylor, and are popularly known as Chuck Taylor All-Stars. These shoes, first sold in 1917, are double-layer canvas shoes with rubber soles and toe caps, and a high heel (known as a "high top") for added support. In the 1970s, other shoe manufacturers, such as Nike, Adidas, Reebok, and others began imitating this style of athletic shoe. In April 1985, Nike introduced its own brand of basketball shoe which would become popular in its own right, the Air Jordan, named after the Chicago Bulls basketball player, Michael Jordan. The Air Jordan line of shoes sold $100 million in their first year.

As barefoot running became popular by the late 20th and early 21st century, many modern shoe manufacturers have recently designed footwear that mimic this experience, maintaining optimum flexibility and natural walking while also providing some degree of protection. The purpose of these "minimalist shoes" is to allow one's feet and legs to feel more subtly the impacts and forces involved in running, allowing finer adjustments in running style. Wrestling shoes are also very light and flexible shoes that are designed to mimic bare feet while providing additional traction and protection.

Many athletic shoes are designed with specific features for specific activities. One of these includes climbing shoes which are rubber-soled, tight-fitting shoes designed to fit in the small cracks and crevices for rock climbing. Cycling shoes are similarly designed with rubber soles and a tight fit, but also are equipped with a metal or plastic cleat to interface with clipless pedals, as well as a stiff sole to maximize power transfer and support the foot.

3.Make up a plan of the text.

4.Translate the paragraphs in italics in a written form.

5.Questions for discussion:

1.Why are athletic shoes designed?

2.What is an important feature in most modern athletic shoes?

3.When did the earliest athletic shoes appear?

4.What is an important detail in most modern athletic shoes for running, football and other kinds of sport?

5.Why did rubber-soled shoes become known as “sneakers”?

6.What are the most popular brands of basketball shoe?

7.What are specific features of basketball shoe?

8.What is the purpose of “minimalist” shoes?

9.What another athletic shoes do you know?

10.What are their specific features?

Text C

1. Mind the following words and word-combinations:

1.bloody callosities– криваві мозолі

2.grip – захват,стиснення

3.rugged environment – нерівне( несприятливе) довкілля

4.hardened – твердий

5.waterproofed – водонепроникний,водостійкий

6.incorporate – поєднувати,об’

2. Listen to the text “Military footwear” and decide if the statements are true or false:

1.For people who walk a lot it is very important to have high-quality, dress, highheeled footwear.