Writing_Academic_English

self-, 313

symbols for, 300-302 Ellipsis, use in quotations, 45 Essay, 56-80

body, 56-57, 64-66, 115 concluding paragraph, 56-57, 72 conclusion, 56-57

introductory paragraph. See Introductory paragraphs

outlining, 75-76, 115 parts of, 56-58 patterns of organization

argumentative, 142-160

block organization, 95-97, 114-115, 122, 143-145

cause and effect, 94-110 chain organization, 98-100 chronological order, 81-93

comparison and contrast, 111-126 point-by-point organization, 113-114,

122, 143-145 process, 81-93

process, 81-93 review of, 77

transition signals between paragraphs, 69 Examples, as support, 12-13

Facts versus opinions, 39--40 Fragments. See Sentence fragments Freewriting, 268-269

Frequency clauses, 211, 214-215, 228, 293 Funnel introduction, 60

General statements, in paragraphs, 59-60

Idea generation, 266-269 clustering, 269 freewriting,268-269 journal writing, 266 listing, 266-267

If/whether clauses, 201-202, 207 Indented quotations, 46, 286 Independent clauses, 28, 163

in compound sentences, 165-171 in simple sentences, 164

Indirect quotations. See Quotations, indirect Inserters, use of comma with, 281 Introducers, comma used after, 280 Introduction. See Introductory paragraphs Introductory paragraphs, 56-57, 59-63

argumentative essay, 147-148 attention-getting, 61

funnel, 60

general statements in, 59-60

thesis statements in, 59-60, 63, 65-68 It, sentences beginning with, 196-197

Journal writing, 266

Key nouns

repetition of, 22, 23, 57 substitutes for, 23

Linking expressions, 69 Lists

colons before, 285-286

in idea generation, 266-267 of works cited, 42, 308-309

Logical division of ideas organization, 34 essay, 64-66

thesis statements for, 59-60, 63, 65-68,84,147-148

transition signals,...68-69 paragraph, 34, 36

topic sentence for, 4-10, 16, 271 transition signals, 25-32

Logical order

cause and effect, 94-11 0 chronological, 34, 81-93 coherence and, 34, 36

comparison and contrast, 34, 111-126 logical division of ideas, 34

review of, 36

Manner, distance, and frequency clauses, 211,214-215,228,293

Nonrestrictive participial phrases, 232 Nouns:;lauses, 194-209

complex sentences with, 172 defined, 194

if/whether clauses, 201-202, 207 punctuation of, 195

question clauses, 204, 207 review of, 206

sentences beginning with it, 196-197 sequence of tenses, 48, 198

subjunctive noun clauses, 199-200, 207 subordinating words, 295

that clauses, 195-197, 207 Nouns

repetition of key, 22, 23, 57 as transition signals, 29

Objects of prepositions, relative pronouns as, 240-241

Objects of sentences, relative pronouns as, 236

Opinions versus facts, 39-40 Outlining

essay, 75-76, 115 formal, 115, 272 rough, 271

in writing process, 271, 272 Outside sources. See References, using

outside

Paired conjunctions. See Correlative conjunctions

Paragraph, 2-17 concluding, 56-57, 72

concluding sentence, 3-5, 13-15, 16 defined, 2

introductory, for essay. See Introductory paragraphs

linking signals, 69 logical order and, 34, 36 parts of, 3-4

review of, 16

supporting sentences, 3, 11-13, 16 topic sentence, 4-10, 16,271 transition signals, 25-32

unity, 18-19, 36, 57 Parallelism, 179-181

with coordinators, 180

with correlative conjunctions, 181 defined, 179

review of, 191-192 Paraphrasing, 127-135

plagiarism, avoiding, 128-129 review of, 141

as support, 135

writing good paraphrase, 129-130 Participial phrases, 250-264

from adjective clauses, 252, 262

from adverb clauses, 258-260, 262-263 defined, 251

general form -ed, 250,251,254,262 general form -ing, 250,251,253,261 perfect form, 255

position of, 252, 258 punctuation of, 252 review of, 261-263 writing style and, 257

Participles, 250-251 defined,250 general form

active voice, 250, 251, 253, 261 passive voice, 250, 251, 254, 262

past, 250, 251, 254, 258-260 past perfect, 251, 255

present, 250, 251, 253, 258-260, 261

present perfect, 251, 255 review of, 261-263

Passive voice

in noun clauses, 206

in past participles, 250, 251, 254, 262 Past participles, 250,251,254,258-260 Past perfect participles, 251, 255 Patterns of essay organization. See Essay,

patterns of organization Peer editing

defined, 313

scoring rubrics for, 314 tips for, 313-314

Period

in direct quotations, 45 with noun clauses, 195

Phrases

participial. See Participial phrases of quantity and quality, relative pronouns in, 243

reporting, 43-44,47-48, 198 Place clauses

adjective, 244-245 adverb,21l,213, 228, 292

Plagiarism

avoiding, 41, 128-129 defined, 128

Planning stage of writing, 271-272 Point-by-point organization, 113-114, 122,

143-145

Polishing stage of writing, 273-275 Possessive adjective clauses, 238-239 Prepositions, as transition signals, 29 Present participles, 250, 251, 253,

258-260,261

Present perfect participles, 251, 255 Prewriting, 265-270

Process essay, 81-93 chronological order in, 81-93 review of, 88

thesis statements, 84 transition signals in, 86-87

Process of writing, 265-279 audience, purpose, tone, 265 step 1: prewIiting, 265-270

step 2: planning (outlining), 271-272 step 3: writing, 272

step 4: polishing, 273-275 Pronouns

consistent, 24

relative pronouns. See Adjective clauses; Relative pronouns

sequence of tenses and, 48, 198 Proofreading, 275-277, 300-302

Punctuation, 280-290

of adjective clauses, 232 of adverb clauses, 211 brackets, in quotations, 46 of business letters, 287 colon. See Colon

comma. See Comma

of direct quotations, 45-46 ellipsis, in quotations, 45

of in-text citations, 306-308

of list of works cited, 42, 308-309 of noun clauses, 195

of participial phrases, 252 period

in direct quotations, 45 with noun clauses, 195

quotation marks, 45-46, 286, 288-289 semicolon. See Semicolon

Purpose, of writing, 265

Purpose clauses, 211, 220, 228, 293

Question clauses, 204, 207 Quotation marks, 288-289

around direct quotations, 45-46, 280, 286,288

around titles of short works, 289 around unusual words, 288

Quotations, 42-48 direct, 42-46, 54

changing to indirect quotations, 47 long quotations, 46, 286 puncrnating,45-46,280, 286,288 reporting verbs and phrases Witll,

43-44,47-48,198 review of, 54

indirect, 47-48

changing direct quotations to, 47 puncrnating, 280

reporting verbs and phrases in, 43-44, 47-48, 198

review of, 54

sequence of tenses, 48, 198

special verb tenses in that clauses, 198

Reason clauses, 216, 228, 293

References, using outside, 41-48. See also Documenting sources of information

evaluating sources, 304-305 paraphrasing, 127-135 plagiarism, avoiding, 41, 128-129 quotations and, 42-48

direct, 42-46 indirect, 47-48

review of, 54

summarizing, 127, 136-137, 141 types of sources, 303-304

Relative adverbs, 231-232. See also Adjective clauses

chart of, 248, 294

Relative clauses. See Adjective clauses Relative pronouns, 231-247, 294. See also

Adjective clauses

Repetition of key nouns, 22, 23, 57 Reported speech (indirect quotations),

43-44,47-48,198

Restrictive clauses and phrases, 232 Result clauses, 119,211,218,228,293 Revising. See Drafts, writing and revising Run-on sentences, 188, 192

Salutations, puncrnation of, 287 Self-editing, 313

Semicolon, 283-284 __

in compound-complex sentences, 174 in compound sentences, 168, 171 before connectors, 283

between items in series, 284 between sentences, 283

Sentence fragments, 163, 183-184, 192 Sentence problems, 183-192

choppy sentences, 185-186, 192 comma splices, 188, 192 parallelism, lack of, 180

review of, 192

run-on sentences, 188, 192

sentence fragments, 163, 183-184, 192 stringy sentences, 190-191, 192

Sentences, types of, 164-175 complex, 172 compound,165-171 compound-complex, 174 review of, 178

simple, 164

writing style and, 175 Sequence of tenses, 48, 198

Series, puncrnation of items in, 284 Simple sentences, 164

Statistics

reporting verbs and phrases willi, 43-44 as supporting information, 51, 54

Stringy sentences, 190-191, 192 Structure vocabulary

cause and effect, 101-102 chronological order, 86-87

comparison and contrast, 116-120,294 Subjects of sentences, relative pronouns

as, 234-235

Subjunctive noun clauses, 199-200, 207

Sublists, in writing process, 271 Subordinating conjunctions

in adjective clauses, 294

in adverb clauses, 212, 213, 214, 292-294 in dependent clauses, 163

list of, 163

in noun clauses, 295 punctuation with, 29

as transition signals, 27, 29, 87, 101, 117,119,120,147,297-299

Subordinators. See Subordinating conjunctions

Subtitles, colons before, 286 Surrunarizing, 127, 136-137

review of, 141

writing good spmmary, 137 Supporting detaiis, 39-54

examples, 12-13

facts versus opinions, 39-40 outside sources, 41-48, 54 paraphrasing and, 135 quotations, 42-48

direct quotations, 42-46, 54 indirect quotations, 43-44, 47-48,

54, 198 statistics, 51, 54

Supporting sentences, 3, 11-13 examples in, 12-13

review of, 16

Tag commas, 281 Tenses

sequence of, 48, 198 special, in that clauses, 198

That clauses, 195-197,207 adjective, 232, 235

sentences beginning with it versus, 196-197

special verb tenses in, 198

Thesis statements, 59-60, 63, 65-68 for argumentative essay, 147-148 pitfalls of, 67-68

for process essay, 84 subtopics in, 65-66

Time clauses adjective, 244-245

adverb, 210,211-212,228, 292 Time of day, colons in, 287

Titles

short work, quotation marks around, 289 subtitles, colons before, 286

Tone, of writing, 265

Topic selection, in writing process, 265-266

Topic sentences, 4-10 controlling idea in, 3,4,9 defined, 3

position of, 5-6 recognizing, 4-5 review of, 16 topic in, 3,4,9 two parts of, 3, 9 writing, 10,271

Transition signals, 25-32, 57, 297-299. See also Structure vocabulary

for argumentative essay, 147-148 for cause and effect, 101-1 02 charts of, for general use, 27, 68,

291-299

for chronological order, 86-87

for comparison and contrast, 117, 119, 120,294

for logical division of ideas, 68-69 overuse, avoiding, 32

between paragraphs, 69 punctuation with, 26, 283 review of, 36

types of

conjunctive adverbs, 26-28 coordinators, 27, 28, 68, 101, 102,

117,119,120,291,297-299 other types, 27, 29, 68, 87, 101, 102,

117,119,120,297-299 subordinators, 27, 29, 87, 101, 117,

119, 120, 147,297-299 transition words and phrases, 26-28

uses of, 297-299

Transitions between paragraphs, 69

Unity, 18-19,57 defined, 18 review of, 36

Verbs

agreement, in adjective clauses, 231 reporting verbs, 43-44, 47-48, 198 sequence of tenses, 48, 198

as transition signals, 29

Which clauses, 232, 235

Words, unusual, quotation marks around, 288

Works cited, list of, 42, 308-309 Writing process. See Process of writing Writing style

participial phrases and, 257 sentence types and, 175