Computer_Engineering_print_new2

1._______________________

Virtual reality is a computer simulated environment, whether it is a simulation of the real or imaginary world. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound or tactile information (haptic systems), and are generally known as force feedback. Users can interact with a virtual environment either through the use of standard input devices or through multimodal devices (data gloves, omnidirectional treadmill).

2._______________________

Immersion is basically a unique experience that is connected with the world of virtual reality. Exploring a three dimensional world of virtual reality the user simply immerses in it as the real world. This

phenomenon is known as telepresence1. Thus the user gets focused about his newly created identity inside the Virtual Reality world. Immersion is made

up of two main components: depth and breadth2 of information. Depth of information includes the resolution of the display unit, the graphics quality, the effectiveness of the audio and video etc. Breadth of information is a number of sensory dimensions presented simultaneously.

3._______________________

To develop a real time virtual environment a computer graphics library can be used as embedded resource coupled with a common programming language, such as C++, Java etc.

Some of the most popular computer graphics

library/API3/language are OpenGL, Direct3D, Java3D

and VRML4, and their use is directly influenced by the system demands in terms of performance, program purpose, and hardware platform. The use of multithreading can also accelerate 3D performance and enable cluster computing with multi-user interactivity.

Virtual reality can serve to new product design,

helping as an ancillary tool for engineering in manufacturing processes. Among other examples, we may also quote Electronic Design

Automation, CAD5, FEA6, and Computer Aided

Manufacturing.

4._______________________

Beyond modeling assembly parts, 3D computer graphics and VR techniques are currently used in the research and development of medical devices for innovative therapies, treatments, patient monitoring. VR also finds application into health care professionals training from anatomy instruction to surgery simulation. 3D Virtual reality simulation is becoming widely used for urban planning and transport projects. Architects use this technology to create virtual designs of buildings. Dramatic improvements in the field of virtual reality are taken place due to the extensive research and usage of VR in the military applications where they are applied almost for flight simulations or combat training.

5._______________________

The element of interaction is the most important to make the user really feel free to get involved with the virtual environment. Interaction is characterized by speed (the rate of the user’s actions recorded by computer and the way they are reflected to be realized), range (the number of results or reactions that can come out of any user action), mapping (the ability of a computer system to produce results as good as the natural world in response to the user actions). The possibility to move from place to place inside a virtual environment is a kind of interactivity. A poorly designed interaction can hamper immersion to a great extent and the user may simply stop getting involved in the virtual environment. The virtual environment is considered to be well designed and developed if it responds to the user action in a way it makes sense.

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An omnidirectional treadmill is a device that allows a person to perform locomotive motion in any direction. The ability to move in any direction is how these treadmills differ from their basic counterparts that permit only unidirectional locomotion.

Omnidirectional treadmills are employed in immersive virtual environment implementations to allow unencumbered movement within the virtual space through user self-motion.

Comments:

1виртуальное присутствие, иллюзия нахождения в виртуальном пространстве;

2ширина;

3(Application Programming Interface) интерфейс прикладного программирования;

4(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) язык моделирования виртуальной реальности, позволяющий описывать трёхмерные сцены, использовать анимацию и путешествия по Web для различных проектов в Internet;

5(Computer-Aided Design) система автоматизи-

рованного проектирования, САПР;

6(Finite Element Analysis) анализ методом конечных элементов: широко применяемый в САПР метод моделирования поведения сложных систем путём разбиения их на множество элементов.

1. Almost any modern virtual reality environment

is primarily...

□

□

□

2. Exploring a 3D VR environment the user can

immerse in it as the real world that is known as...

□

□

□

3. Information breadth includes…

□

the resolution of the display and the

graphics quality

□

a number of sensory dimensions presented

simultaneously

□ the effectiveness of the audio and video

4. The use of VR computer graphics library, API and language is influenced by…

□

system performance requirements,

program purpose, hardware platform □ embedded resources

□ multithreading and multi-user interactivity

5. Three-dimensional VR simulations are widely used by architects for ….

□

□

□

6. Development of virtual reality is caused by its wide usage…

□

□

□

7. Interaction mapping is the ability of a computer system to …

□

record the rate of the user’s actions and

reflect them

□

produce results as good as the natural world

in response to the user actions

□

produce the number of results or reactions

that can come out of any user action

8. Well designed VR applications must...

□ hamper immersion to a great extent

□ move the user from place to place

□ respond to the user action to make sense

13. Five sentences have been removed from the text.

1.Low cost HMD devices are available for use with 3D games and entertainment applications.

2.An embedded Ethernet interface option permits direct access to data and configuration.

3.This can be used to show stereoscopic images.

4.Some HMDs allow superimposing a CGI upon a real-world view.

5.However, the pixel density (pixels per degree or arcminutes per pixel) is also used to determine visual acuity.

6.Recent applications have included the use of HMD for paratroopers.

Read the text quickly and put the correct sentence in each space to form a logical, coherent and correct text. There is one extra sentence you are not going to need.

General

A head-mounted display (helmet mounted display), is a display device, worn on the head or as part of a helmet, that has a small display optic in front of one (monocular HMD) or each eye (binocular HMD). A typical HMD has either one or two small displays with lenses and semi-transparent mirrors embedded in a helmet, eye-glasses or visor. The display units are miniaturized and may include CRT, LCDs, Liquid crystal on silicon (LCos), or OLED. Some vendors employ multiple micro-displays to increase total resolution and field of view.

Most HMDs display only a computer generated image (CGI), sometimes referred to as a virtual image. ____________________________________

__________. This is sometimes referred to as augmented reality or mixed reality. Combining realworld view with CGI is done by projecting the CGI through a partially reflective mirror and viewing the real world directly (Optical See-Through method). The same combination can also be done electronically by accepting video from a camera and mixing it electronically with CGI (Video See-Through method).

Performance parameters

A binocular HMD has the potential to display a different image to each eye. __________________

______________. Humans have around 180° FOV

(field of view), but most HMDs offer considerably less than this. Typically, greater field of view results in greater sense of immersion and better situational awareness. As for resolution HMDs usually mention either the total number of pixels or the number of pixels per degree.

Listing the total number of pixels (1600×1200 pixels per eye) is borrowed from how the specifications of computer monitors are presented.

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

used to determine visual acuity. 60 pixels/° (1 arcmin/pixel) is usually referred to an eye limiting resolution, above which increased resolution is not

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noticed by people with normal vision. HMDs typically offer 10 to 20 pixels/°, though advances in micro-displays help increase this number.

Applications

Major HMDs are increasingly being integrated into the cockpits of modern helicopters and fighter aircraft. These are usually fully integrated with the pilot's flying helmet and may include protective visors and night vision devices. Military, police and firefighters use HMDs to display tactical information such as maps or thermal imaging data while viewing the real scene.

_________________________________________

_________________________________________.

Engineers and scientists use HMDs to provide stereoscopic views of CAD schematics. These systems are also used in the maintenance of complex systems, as they can give a technician a combination of computer graphics (system diagrams and imagery) with the technician's natural vision. There are also applications in

surgery, where radiographic data is combined with the surgeon's natural view of the operation.

________________________________________

_________________________________________.

One of the pioneers in this field was Sony that

released the Glasstron in 1997, which had a positional sensor permitting the user to view the surroundings, with the perspective moving as the head moved, providing a deep sense of immersion. A HMD system has been developed for Formula One as a part of an advanced telemetry system to communicate to the driver wirelessly from the heart of the race pit.

14. Read the text and put the following points in order to form a summary of the article.

Certain HMDs are embedded into the pilot's flying helmet and include night vision devices.

HMDs offer a resolution from 10 to 20 pixels/°.

Sony was one of the pioneers in the field of HMDs production.

Binocular HMDs are able to display stereoscopic images.

HMDs are often used in engineering and science to provide stereoscopic images of CAD and to maintain complex systems.

A typical HMD is worn on the head and has displays embedded in the visor.

HMD systems are used by F1 pilots and managers as a part of wireless communication system.

Medium-priced HMDs are used with 3D games and entertainment applications.

Some HMDs provide mixed reality that allows superimposing a computer mage upon a real-world view.

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