комплексная реабилитация

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ (ɤɨɧɜɟɤɫɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ). ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɗɗȽ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɛɢɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ (ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ – ɮɨɬɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɢɬɦɟ – ɝɢɩɟɪɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ). ȼ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.

2.Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ,

ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɢɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ȿɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɜ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɨɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ.

3.Ɋɟɨɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɪɟɨɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɊɗȽ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ (ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ, ɩɪɢɺɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ – ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɵ ɧɢɬɪɨɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ).

4.ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɩɩɥɟɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ (ɍɁȾȽ). Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ Ⱦɨɩɥɟɪɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɦɵ ɢ ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ). ɉɪɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɍɁȾȽ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.

5.Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɄɌ). Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ (ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ, ɤɢɫɬɵ, ɝɟɦɚɬɨɦɵ, ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ

ɢɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɡɝɟ.

6.Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɚɹ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ (ɆɊɌ). Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɚ. ɆɊɌ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɄɌ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɄɌ:

- ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ;

109

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

-ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ;

-ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɛɟɥɨɟ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɦɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ, ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɦɟɠɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɢ);

-ɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɢɡɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɄɌ. 7. ɉɨɡɢɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɷɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ (ɉɗɌ). Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ

ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɺɬ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ (ɨɩɭɯɨɥɢ, ɤɢɫɬɵ, ɝɟɦɚɬɨɦɵ, ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɡɝɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɚɯ (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɯ) ɛɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɉɗɌ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɭɦɚɟɬ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɯɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɚɯ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɱɢ ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.

8. ȼɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ (ȼɉ). ɉɪɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ. Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ȼɉ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

Ɂɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ȼɉ – ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ.

ɋɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ȼɉ – ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɋɨɦɚɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ ȼɉ – ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɪɭɤ ɢ ɧɨɝ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɲɤɨɜ, ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ.

Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ȼɉ – ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

110

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ȼɉ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɟɪɨɡɚ, ɫɢɪɢɧɝɨɦɢɟɥɢɢ, ɢɧɫɭɥɶɬɨɜ, ȼ12-ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɨɣ ɚɧɟɦɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.

2.3. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ɇɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ [42]:

x ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ;

x ɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ; x ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɭ ɧɚ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ;

xɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ;

xcɥɭɠɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ: ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ «ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ»

ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ «ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ» («supported living») [40]. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɫɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦ: ɨɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɞɟɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ.

Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ

111

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɸɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ [39].

ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɥɟɤɥɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ, ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɜ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɯ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɫɹ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɭɯ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ «ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ» ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ - ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ; ɜɫɟ ɲɢɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɟ, ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɭ ɧɚɭɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ: ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢɞɺɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ.

ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ. ȼ Ɂɚɤɨɧɟ ɨ ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ (ɜ ɪɟɞ. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ 21.07.1998 ʋ 117-ɎɁ, ɨɬ 25.07.2002 ʋ 116-ɎɁ, ɨɬ

10.01.2003 ʋ 15-ɎɁ, ɨɬ 29.06.2004 ʋ 58-ɎɁ, ɨɬ 22.08.2004 ʋ 122-ɎɁ)

ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ: x ɭɜɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɭɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ

ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ;

xɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ;

xɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ;

xɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨɟ) ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ;

xɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

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ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɨɦ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ [28].

Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɛɳɟɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɫɬɶ; ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ; ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ; ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ; ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ; ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ; ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

x Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ;

x Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɟɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ;

xɈɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ;

xȽɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɛɳɟɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɧɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ.

Ʉ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ:

xɄɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ;

xɗɬɚɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;

xɆɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ;

xȾɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ;

xɉɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ;

xɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ.

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ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦ, ɦɧɨɝɨɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ, ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɀɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɚɹ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ, ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɚɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɦ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ, ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ, ɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ) ɷɬɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥ ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɹɫɢɳɟɜ: «Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɯ» [20]. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ

ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. ȼɫɬɚɺɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɪɟɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ, ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ.

ɍɫɩɟɯ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ [10]. ɍɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɧɢ ɭ ɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɤɥɢɧɢɤɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ, ɫɪɟɞɨɜɵɦɢ. ɂ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ

114

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɭɦɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɭɦ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɷɬɚɩɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɚɩɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɫɬɶ, ɷɬɚɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɡɞɟ: ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ (ɥɟɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ, ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ), ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ (ɨɬ ɩɪɨɮɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɮɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ, ɨɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ, ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɭ ɪɵɧɤɭ ɬɪɭɞɚ), ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ (ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ). ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɝɨɪɭ, ɝɞɟ ɮɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ (ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɚɩɧɨɫɬɢ) ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ.

Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɹɫɶ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ pɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ (ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢ, ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɟɦɶɹ) ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ) ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ «ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɨɥɨɝ – ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɧɬ - ɫɟɦɶɹ» ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫɨɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ

115

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɢɯ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɫɢɯɨ- ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ [10].

Ȼɟɡ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɤ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɚɦ ɢ ɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɛɟɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɧɬɨɜ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ (ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɫɬɜɚ) ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ.

ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɟɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ. ɉɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ — ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ (ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ, ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞ, ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

ɍɫɩɟɯ pɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɨɬ ɟɺ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɭ. ɂ ɫɟɦɶɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ pɚɫɫɦɚɬpɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ pɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɤpɨɫɨɰɢɭɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨpɨɦ ɩpɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɟɦɶɸ ɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɭ ɫɟɦɶɸ, ɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɣ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɢɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

116

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɹ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɭɱɟɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ.

ɉɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ: ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɞɧɹ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɤɚɦ; ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ.

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ.

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɟɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ [28]. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɟɳɺ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɝɤɚɹ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ 75% ɞɨ 90% ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ – ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɟ (ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ) ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɞɟɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ — ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

117

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɪ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ — ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɞɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ.

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȿɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ (ɞɟɬɫɤɢɣ, ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɵɣ, ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɣ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɞɨ 5-8 ɥɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɟɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɪɟ/ɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɠɢɡɧɢ — ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ — ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞ.

ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ - ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ - ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɮɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɫ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɢ

ɫ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ, ɪɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɚɪɬɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, ɥɟɱɟɛɧɚɹ ɮɢɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɬɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ. Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, «ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ» ɢɥɢ ɤɭɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɥɺɝɤɨɣ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɝɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ. Ȼɵɬɨɜɚɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

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