ИГПЗС учебный год 2023 / История США (Алешко-Ожевская С.С.)
.docxThe history of the USA.
The illustrated history of the USA.
Native America.
America was discovered at the end of 15 century. The main problem for natives – European illnesses. 90% of the population died of these. Natives traded a lot, hunting, fishing, gathering, and farming.
The apache lived in the south-west, they were warriors, attacked another tribes. Iroquois – north-east, they have confederacy, collecting 5 tribes with council. Europeans gave them guns. There were some of them, who helped European, but some of them had to fight with aliens. Next information is about British colonists.
These colonists came cause of overpopulation of England and the religion.
Spain.
The first explorer of America – 1530, Hernando de Soto, 1565 – found St Augustine. Francisco Coronado from 1540-1542 travelled Texas and New Mexico, Colorado.
France.
1524 – Giovanni de Verrazano explored the Atlantic coast line of America, he reached Canada.
Jacques Courtier – Quebec
Denmark.
Henry Hudson – discovered New-York, Manhattan.
England.
Henry VII and VIII tried to colonize America, but failed cause of money shortage.
1585 – The expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh, getting name to Virginia. They were not successful, the colony was abandoned.
1607 – James I gave the charter to Virginia Company and they build Jamestown.
1612 – John Rolfe got a new sort of tobacco – profit.
1619 – The beginning of slavery, first ship with African slaves.
People set their rules, this was primitive sort of democracy in Virginia.
People of Maryland tried to build feudalism. Assembly – the legislative body.
Colonial Period
New England colonies (the north): there were 4 colonies
1620-Massachusetts colony (Mayflower )- 1623- power were belonged to rich people, who were not only rich men but also powerful churchmen. New comers didn’t have any chance to participate in political life. Leader of the colony was elected by the King of England. In 1623 some people tried to rebel and founded New Hempshere. 1636 Rode Islands and Connecticut separated for religious regions. They also wanted more fair system political system and governor were elected by owner of the land- 90% of people could vote.
Council could Veto legislation of assembly. Council were appointed by the governor
They made ships.
Middle colonies- 4 colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware.
New York (New Netherlands origin) and New Jersey originally were under The Dutch colonies, then in 1664 English captured that. There were governors, who were appointed by the King. They had vested power. They were representatives of the judiciary , vetoed law, executed Kings acts. Governor were helped by the Council and Assembly. But they had a limited power.
Pennsylvania and Delawer were proprietor colonies 1682-Delawer , they were owned by Willian Pen could appoint governor 1703-Penselvania had one house in their General Court. Penselvania produced ships, metal. Their were lots of ports, They were central
Southern colonies( North Carolina, Maryland, South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia)
Virginia were the main colony for Britians. The King appointed Governor. There were another legislative body- House of Burgers. At first it was advisory body, then legislative.
Carolina- there were group of proprietor. They firstly wanted to produce silk. It was impossible 1669-Foundemental Constitution was drafted by the legilstive with the help of John Lock 1693- constitution repealed and replaced by the Frame of Government, which limited power of proprieties.
Georgia- were established in 1732. Georgia had to protect other British colonies from the attacks of France and Spain, and help to debtors. The last could get land to repay monry.There were no slaves, no alcohol and entertainment. In 1775 some restrictions were lifted after rebellion. Georgia produced cotton, tobacco, coffee.
British policies and colonial government
The first colonies were established when in England was civil war. Oliver Cromwell was the first had interest in America. He lie down Navigation Act 1651, 1660- colonies couldn’t trade with other state, they banned to use other ships and crews apart of English. Nonetheless, they don’t give a fuck about it. Until 1693- English established Board of Trade, which was a supervisory body to control the legality in colonies.
Colonial government.
The head of any government was the governor. Apponited by the King or owner
He appointed officers, he had to enforce English trade, was responsible for relations with Indians, were involved in legislative process-could veto laws, could grant land.
Council- had to advise governor, had to give a approval for most of executive actions. Traditionally, councel was appointed by the governor . They were 20 people.
The assembly was elected. The main aim is representative. But everything was all right- low taxes.
The judiciary. There were justices of the peace. Administrative body.
There were county courts consisted of justices of the peace.
People wanted stability. Political system was simple.
French and Indian War.
1754-1763.
Reasons for war:
Colonies decided to participate in war
Lack of land.
Before the war a council was organized. There were representatives of colonies and NA tribes. Benjamin Franklin in 1754- suggested to unite the colonies. It happened in 1774.
Results of War.
«American history homework.»
17 марта – 1 коллоквиум
14 апреля – 2 коллоквиум
19 мая – 3 коллоквиум
После них сдавать доклады.
1789 – избрание (единогласно) президентом США Джорджа Вашингтона. К этому моменту не было ни армии, ни флота, ни государственного аппарата – все было плохо.
Палата представителей создала три ведомства – department of war, of finances и что-то еще.
Создали в каждом штате окружной суд, федеральные суды (High court) и Free appeals courts.
В 1789 году также сделали первые 12 поправок (принято считать что 10) – Bill of rights.