Учебный год 22-23 / ФОРМА СДЕЛКИ

ȼɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɊɎ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢɯ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɞɤɢɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɠɟ ɨ ɰɟɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɨɛɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.

ɉɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɢ ɥɢɰ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ [1. ɋ. 131; 2. ɋ. 265]. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɊɎ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ: ɭɫɬɧɭɸ (ɫɬ. 159), ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɭɸ (ɫɬ. 160) ɢ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɭɸ) (ɫɬ. 163), ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚɦ (ɫɬ. 27 ȽɄ ɊɋɎɋɊ 1922 ɝ.; ɫɬ. 42 ȽɄ ɊɋɎɋɊ 1964 ɝ.). Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɥɸɞɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ (ɩ. 2, 3 ɫɬ. 158 ȽɄ ɊɎ),

ɜɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.

ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɝɞɟ ɭɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɨɫɶ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ stipulatio ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Spondes? B Spondeo; Dabis? B Dabo, ɜ

ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥɨ), ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɨɥɸ ɜ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. ȽɄ ɊɎ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɢ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨ: ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ B ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ B ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ.

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ Ʉɨɞɟɤɫɨɜ 1922, 1964 ɢ 1994 ɝ. ɢ Ɉɫɧɨɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɋɋɊ ɢ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤ 1991 ɝ. ɥɟɠɚɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ: Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɞɚɥɟɟ ȽȽɍ ɢ ȽɌɍ), Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ (ɞɚɥɟɟ B ɎȽɄ) ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ [3. ɋ. 138]. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ.

ȼ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɹɫ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (Abschlußklarheit).

ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ [4. ɋ. 16]. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧ.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɤ ɭɫɬɧɵɦ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ: ɜɟɞɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɨɥɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɹɫɧɨ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ. ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɭɫɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɵ [5. ɋ. 36]. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬ-

ɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ (Inhaltsklarheit).

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ (Übereilungsschutz). ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɚɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɭ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɚ). ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɨɦɟɬɱɢɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ [6. ɋ. 27].

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵ.

Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ (Beweisfunktion).

ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɥɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɨɥɸ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɚɤɬ ɟɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ [6. ɋ. 28]. ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɰ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ.

ȼɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɚ. ȿɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ɇɨɬɚɪɢɭɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɛɟɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɹɫɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ [4. ɋ. 12] ɢ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ [5. ɋ. 195]. ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ B ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ B ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ (Beratungsmöglichkeit).

Ⱦɥɹ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ.

ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɫɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɥɢɰ (Erkennbarkeit für Dritte) [7. ɋ. 12] ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ (Kontrollfunktion) [8].

ȼɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɮɚɤɬɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ § 566 I ȽȽɍ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ ɫɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɚɪɟɧɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ (Kauf bricht nicht Miete). ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ,

ɚɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɫɬ. 617 ȽɄ ɊɎ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɥɢɰɚ. ȼɟɞɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ [4. ɋ. 12]. Ɉɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ «ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ» ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɥɢɰ, ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ: ɢɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ.

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ [4. ɋ. 13].

III. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 159 ȽɄ ɊɎ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ɂɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɬɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. ɗɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɢ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 434 ȽɄ ɊɎ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ȽɄ ɊɎ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ: ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ.

ȽɄ ɊɎ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ȽɄ ɊɎ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬ. 550, 560, 633, 643 ȽɄ ɊɎ ɢ ɞɪ.).

ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

[9. ɋ. 230; 10. ɋ. 288B293], ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɟɪɧɨ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢ-

ɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 165 ȽɄ ɊɎ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫ ɟɟ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ: ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ) ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬ. 550 ȽɄ ɊɎ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ) ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɋɞɟɥɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 162 ȽɄ ɊɎ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 162 ȽɄ ɊɎ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɫɨ-

ɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɡ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɋɬ. 1341 ɎȽɄ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɫɬ. 1341 ɎȽɄ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ȽɄ ɊɋɎɋɊ 1964 ɝ. (ɚɛɡ. 1 ɫɬ. 44). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ȽɄ ɊɎ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɨɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ). ȼ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬ. 159 ȽɄ ɊɎ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ).

ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ? ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɆɊɈɌ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɭɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ. ɇɚɪɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɥɢɲɶ ɫɭɦɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ «ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ» ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɚɛɡ. 2 ɫɬ. 5 ɎɁ «Ɉ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ» ɨɬ 19.06.2000 ɝ. ʋ 82-ɎɁ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫ 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2001 ɝ. ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 100 ɪɭɛ., ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, 10 ɆɊɈɌ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ

1000 ɪɭɛ.

Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ. 1000 ɪɭɛ. ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ. Ⱦɭɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ, ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɆɊɈɌ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɟ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɦ, ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɫɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ.

ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɪɢɫɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɚɛɡ. 3 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 2 ȽɄ ɊɎ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɍɚɤ, § 350 Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (Handelsgesetzbuch) ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȽȽɍ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [4. ɋ. 8]. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɈɈɇ «Ɉ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ» (ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ȼɟɧɟ 11.04.1980 ɝ.) ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɩɥɢɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɸɛɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ (ɫɬ. 11). ɋɋɋɊ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɫɹ ɤ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɨɣ ɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɋɋɊ. ɊɎ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɰɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɨɣ.

ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ- ɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɨɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.

ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ: ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ; ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɡɧɚɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɫɱɟɬɚɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ Ʉɨɞɟɤɫɭ 1964 ɝ., ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ (ɫɬ. 44). ȼ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ [11. ɋ. 207].

ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 1, ɚɛɡ. 1 ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 1 ȽɄ ɊɎ). Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɭɬɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɛɵɥɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɢ, ɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɧ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɠɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ, ɧɚɫɬɨ-

ɪɨɠɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ

ɜɯɢɬɪɨɭɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɯɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɫɶ ɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɨɬ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ.

ȼɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ. ɐɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ de lege ferenda ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɊɎ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ȽɄ ɊɎ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ȽɄ ɊɎ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɥɢɰ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ.

Ɋɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ

ɜ100 ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɆɊɈɌ, ɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ.