Учебный год 22-23 / прекращение обязательства

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ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɂɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ) ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɝɚɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ . ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ. Ɉɬɪɚɡɢɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ?

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɦɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɧɟɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɥɢɰɟ, ɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɫɟɛɟ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɜɟɳɢ) ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɜɟɳɢ, ɦɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɨɝɚɲɚɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ.

ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ), ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɇɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɡɚɱɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɵ ɜɟɞɟɦ ɪɟɱɶ ɨ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɝɚɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ) ɢɥɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɝɚɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ) ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɞɚ), ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.

Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ [1], ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɭɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ-

ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ

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ɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɬɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.

ȼɨɡɶɦɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɥɝ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɨ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤ ɭɩɥɚɬɢɥ ɞɨɥɝ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɩɪɨɫɪɨɱɤɭ ɜ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɞɨɥɝɚ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɢɦɟɟɬ ɥɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ?

ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɪɨɱɤɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɭɩɥɚɬɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɚ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ: ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɞɨɥɝ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɬɨ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɩɥɚɬɵ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɨɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ; ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɪɨɱɤɭ ɭɩɥɚɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɸ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɩɥɚɬɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɛɥɹ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɪɨɱɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɢ: ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɤɚ ɞɨɥɝ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɤɭ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɛɥɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ: ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɚ, ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ; ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɤɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ?

ɉɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɞɨɥɝɚ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɦɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɟɮɟɤɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ (ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ) ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɨɤ, ɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɢ.

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɨɦɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɭɤɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ,

ɋ.Ʉ. ɋɨɥɨɦɢɧ

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ɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɝɚ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ: ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.

Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɱɟɬɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ (ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɦɭ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢ ɨɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɚɤɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ, ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ) ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ) ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ (ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ), ɩɨ ɢɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɡɚɱɟɬɭ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɡɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɱɟɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɚɱɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 489 ȽɄ ɊɎ) ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɪɨɤ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɟɠ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɪɨɱɤɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɟɦɭ ɬɨɜɚɪ; ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ (ɩɨɞɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 619 ȽɄ ɊɎ) ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɚɪɟɧɞɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɭ, ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɟɧɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚ (ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɤɭɩɥɢ-

ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ

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ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ, ɚɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ). Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ ɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɪɨɱɤɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɭɩɥɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɭɠɢɦɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɛɵ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɨ ɪɚɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɟ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɛɵɬɤɨɜ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɭɛɵɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɥ ɛɵ ɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ, ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦ, ɫɱɢɬɚɥɫɹ ɛɵ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɬ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɳɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ), ɧɨ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɱɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

1. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ) ɨɬ 21.10.94 ɝ. // ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɊɎ. 1994. ʋ 32. ɋɬ. 3301.

Solomin Sergey K. Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation).

THE CONCEPT OF TERMINATION OF AN OBLIGATION.

Key words: obligation, a simple legal relationship, subjective law, subjective duty, partial fulfilment.

It is said in the article that for the purpose of dynamics of an obligation, the final stage of which being its termination, the individualization of any obligation is done at the expense of its content. Only the existence of a definite right and the duty corresponding to this right makes it possible to separate this obligation from the whole totality of legal relations between the parties.

The author comes to the conclusion that termination of obligation means an absolute cancelation of relationship between a particular right and its corresponding duty. The cancelation of the above legal relationship is not always connected with fulfilment of the obligation. The latter can be discontinued irrespective of the attainment of an economic goal of an obligation and its legal result. An obligation can be discontinued in case of defects in its other elements . in the parties to a legal relationship or its object.

It has been stated that the individualization of the right and a subjective duty arises not only by virtue of its content but at the expense of the subjects on the part of a debtor and a creditor and at the expense of the object of an obligation. Alongside this, the defect in any element of an obligation results in the termination of this obligation if such a defect breaks the connection of a particular right with its corresponding duty.

It is noted that the construction of a partial termination of an obligation existing in current legislation is based on the false approach to the understanding of the essence of a terminated obligation because in this case there is no absolute termination of legal relationship. It is proved that there is no and cannot be any partial termination of an obligation as it is inconsistent with the essence of it.

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As to the dynamics of a civil obligation there can be only fulfillment of a definite part on an obligation (a partial fulfillment) but not a partial termination of an obligation. A partial fulfilment of an obligation derives from the mode of fulfillment which can be expressed in one or several particular methods of fulfillment, some of them being formed on a definite stage of obligation fulfillment.

References

1. Grazhdanskiyj kodeks Rossiyjskoyj Federacii (chastj pervaya) ot 21.10.94 g. // Sobranie zakonodateljstv RF. 1994. ʋ 32. St. 3301.