This collection of articles by scholars from six countries (England, Germany, the United States, Canada, South Africa and Israel) originated at a conference held at the Faculty of Law of Tel-Aviv University in May 2000, under the auspices of the Minerva Center for Human Rights. We are grateful to the contributors and to those who attended the conference and chaired the sessions, as well as to the Minerva Center for its support. We are particularly grateful to our students who helped us in the editing process. Gal Levita acted as our deputy editor and offered invaluable help in the various stages of editing. Adi Aron, Nissim Gez, Hadassa Greenberg and Limor Heled were dedicated and greatly assisted us in preparing the book for publication. We would also like to thank Ms. Dana Rothman for assistance in the English editing and Ms. Yael Amitz-Lev for her administrative assistance.

DANIEL FRIEDMANN

DAPHNE BARAK-EREZ

Contributors		ix
Abbreviations		xi
Table of Cases		xiii
1.	Introduction
	Daniel Friedmann and Daphne Barak-Erez	1
	Part I: Constitutional Values and Private Law—
	The Theoretical Framework
2.	Constitutional Human Rights and Private Law
	Aharon Barak	13
3.	Constitutional Values and Private Law in Canada
	Lorraine E. Weinrib and Ernest J. Weinrib	43
4.	Determining the Stakes: Binding and Non-binding Bills of Rights
	Anton Fagan	73

5.Human Rights and Private Law in German Constitutional Development and in the Jurisdiction of the Federal Constitutional Court

Christian Starck	97
6. Importing Constitutional Values through Blanket Clauses
Andreas Heldrich and Gebhard M. Rehm	113

Part II: The Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights

7.The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on English Tort and Contract Law

Hugh Beale and Nicola Pittam

131

8.The European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and German Private Law

Reinhard Ellger	161
Part III: Contract and Property Law
9. Freedom of Contract, Human Rights and Human Dignity
Roger Brownsword	181

viii Contents
10. Equality of Opportunity and Private Law
Peter Benson	201

11.Property Rights, Public Policy and the Limits of the Legal Power to Discriminate

Amnon Reichman	245
Part IV: Labour Law
12. Enforcement of Employment Contracts and the Anti-Slavery Norm
Todd D. Rakoff	283

13.Human Rights and the Employment Relationship: A Look Through the Prism of Juridiﬁcation

	Guy Mundlak	297
	Part V: The Law of Torts
14.	Negligence and Human Rights: Reconsidering Osman
	Ewan McKendrick	331
15.	Horizontal Equality and the Law of Torts
	Ofer Grosskopf	357
16.	Privacy in the Digital Age: Vanishing in Cyberspace?
	Gebhard M. Rehm	373
Index		389

Contributors

Aharon Barak, President of the Supreme Court, Israel

Daphne Barak-Erez, Associate Professor and Vice Dean, Faculty of Law, TelAviv University, Israel

Hugh Beale, Professor of Law, Warwick University, and Law Commissioner, England

Peter Benson, Professor of Law, University of Toronto, Canada

Roger Brownsword, Professor of Law and Head of the Department of Law, University of Shefﬁeld, England

Reinhard Ellger, Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches und Internationales Privatrecht, Hamburg, Germany

Anton Fagan, Lecturer, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Daniel Friedmann, Danielle Rubinstein Professor of Comparative Private Law, Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Ofer Grosskopf, Lecturer, The College of Management, Israel

Andreas Heldrich, Professor of Law, Rector, University of Munich, Germany Ewan McKendrick, Professor of English Private Law, University of Oxford,

Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, England

Guy Mundlak, Senior Lecturer, Tel Aviv University, Israel Nicola Pittam, Law Commission, England

Todd D. Rakoff, Byrne Professor of Administrative Law and Dean of the J.D. Program, Harvard University Law School, USA

Gebhard M. Rehm, University of Munich, Germany

Amnon Reichman, University of Toronto, Canada

Christian Starck, Professor of Law, Chair of Public Law, Georg-August- University, Göttingen, Germany

Ernest J. Weinrib, University Professor and Cecil A. Wright Professor of Law, University of Toronto, Canada

Lorraine E. Weinrib, Professor of Law, University of Toronto, Canada

	Abbreviations
AG	Amtsgericht (Magistrate´s Court)
BAGE	Entscheidungen des Bundesarbeitsgerichts (Decisions of the
	German Federal Labour Court)
Bd	Band (Volume)
BGB	Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (German Civil Code)
BGBl	Bundesgesetzblatt (Ofﬁcial Journal of Federal Statutes)
BGE	Entscheidungen des schweizerischen Bundesgericht (Decisions of
	the Swiss Federal Court)
BGHZ	Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Zivilsachen
	(Decisions of the German Supreme Court in civil matters)
BRAK-Mitt	Mitteilungen der Bundesrechtsanwaltskammer (Federal Bar Journal)
BverfG	Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court)
BverfGE	Entscheidungen des BverfG (Decisions of the Federal
	Constitutional Court)
Col	Column
ECHR	European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental
	Freedoms
ECtHR	European Court of Human Rights
EMRK	Europäische Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und
	der Grundfreiheiten (ECHR)
EuGRZ	Europäische Grundrechte-Zeitschrift
FamRZ	Zeitschrift für das gesamte Familienrecht
FH	Further Hearing (Supreme Court of Israel)
GG	Grundgesetz (Basic Law—German Constitution)
HC	High Court (Israel)
JuS	Juristische Schulung
JZ	Juristenzeitung
LG	Landgericht (County Court)
LSI	Laws of the State of Israel
NLC	National Labour Court (Israel)
NJW	Neue Juristische Wochenschrift
NJW–RR	Neue Juristische Wochenschrift, Rechtsprechungsreport
OLG	Oberlandesgericht (German Court of Appeal)
PD	Decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel
PDA	Decisions of the National Labour Court (Israel)
RabelsZ	Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales
	Privatrecht
RGBl	Reichsgesetzblatt

Table of Cases
A v. UK (1998) 27 EHRR 611 ..............................................................	134, 140
AES System Inc v. Saar 54(3) PD 850 ............................................................		22
AG Kamen, 13 April 1995, 1077..................................................................		169
AG Kamen, 4 August 1995 [1996] NJW-RR 199..........................................		169
AG Tauberbischofschofsheim, 8 May 1992 [1992] NJW-RR 1089	...............	171
Ahmad v. ILEA [1978] QB 36 .....................................................................		135
Airey, 9 October 1979, (ECtHR) Series A Nr 32 [1979] EuGRZ 626, 629		.....167
Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1992] 1 AC 310 ...................		343
Alexandrou v. Oxford [1993] 4 All ER 328 ..........................................	143, 335
Allnut v. Inglis (1810) 12 East 527; 104 ER 206 ............................................		251
A.M. v. Ryan [1997] 1 SCR 157....................................................................		66
Amlgamated Food Employees Union Local 590 v. Logan Valley Plaza,
Inc. 391 US 308 (1968) ............................................................................		237
Amod v. Multilateral Vehicle Accidents Fund [1999] 4 SA 1319 (SCA) ..........		95
Ancell v. McDermott [1993] 4 All ER 355 ...................................................		143
Anns v. London Borough of Merton [1978] AC 728; [1977] 2 WLR 1024;
[1977] 2 All ER 492..........................................................................	141, 142
Anon (1589) Owen 34; 74 ER 880 ...............................................................		267
Arthur J.S. Hall & Co (a ﬁrm) v. Simon [2000] 3 WLR 543;
[2000] 3 All ER 673 ..................................................................	152, 340, 341
Arundel v. Trevillian (1635) 1 Rep Ch. 87; 21 ER 515..................................		267
Ashby v. White (1703) 2 Ld Raym 938; 92 ER 126.........................	204, 228, 264
Association Newspapers Group v. Wade [1979] 1 WLR 697........................		135
Attorney General v. Barker [1990] 3 All ER 257 ..........................................		189
Baggett v. Bullitt 377 US 360 (1964) ............................................................		376
Baggs v. UK (1985) 44 DR 13......................................................................		153
Bailey v. State of Alabama 219 US 219 (1911) ...............................	286, 290, 294
Baird v. State Bar of Arizona 401 US 1 (1971)..............................................		376
Baker v. Pleasant (1989) 89 NSR (2d) 301 .....................................................		62
Baker v. White (1690) 2 Vern. 215; 23 ER 740 .............................................		267
Barclays’ Bank v. O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180 .................................................		157
Barrett v. Enﬁeld London Borough Council [1999] 3 WLR 79 ......	145, 152, 182,
338, 340, 348, 353, 354, 355
Barthold, Series A Nr 90 (ECtHR) [1985] GRUR Int 468.............................		172
Beit Yules v. Raviv 43(1) PD 441 ...........................................................		40, 309
Belgian Linguistics, 23 July 1968, Series A Nr 6 (ECtHR) [1968]
EuGRZ 298, 300.....................................................................................		166

xiv Table of Cases
Best v. Samuel Fox Ltd [1952] AC 716 (HL)..................................................			62
Beverly Glen Music, Inc. v. Warner Communications, Inc. (1986) 178 Cal.
App. 3d 1142; 224 Cal. Rptr. ...........................................................			260, 291
Bevugnee v. City of Tel Aviv 32 (1) PD 404...................................................			17
Blachford v. Preston (1799) 8 TR 89; 101 ER 1282.......................................			268
Blathwayt v. Lord Cawley [1975] 3 All ER 625 ...............................		68, 135, 277
Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology v.
Bhadauria (1981) 124 DLR (3d) 193.......................	63, 65, 203, 204, 207, 208,
220, 223, 225, 227, 228, 242, 272, 276, 279
Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 .........			139
Bolt v. Stennet (1800) 8 Term. Rep. 606; 101 ER 1572	.................................		250
Bolton v. Mahadeva [1972] 1 WLR 1009.....................................................			159
Brindle v. Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis, 29 March 1999,
unreported .............................................................................................			149
British Columbia Government Employees Union v. British Columbia [1988] 2
SCR 214...................................................................................................			26
Burgess v. Clements (1815) 4 M & S 306 .....................................................			232
BGH, 11 October 1994, 127 BGHZ 195 ......................................................			126
BGH, 2 December 1998, 140 BGHZ 118 .....................................................			121
BVerfG, 15 January 1958, 7 BverfGE 198, 204, 205 (Lüth).............		161, 162, 163
BVerfG, 15 December 1965, 19 BVerfGE, 342, 347 ......................................			164
BVerfG, 19 July 1967, 22 BVerfGE 254, 265 ................................................			164
BVerfG, 15 April 1969, 25 BVerfGE 327, 331 ..............................................			164
BVerfG, 31 January 1973, 34 BVerfGE 238, 245 ..........................................			117
BVerfG, 16 May 1973, 35 BVerfGE 311 ......................................................			164
BVerfG, 5 June 1973, 35 BVerfGE 202, 219 .................................................			117
BVerfG, 11 May 1976, 42 BVerfGE 143, 148 ...............................................			123
BVerfG, 19 June 1979, 51 BVerfGE 304, 323 ...............................................			162
BVerfG, 25 July 1979, 52 BVerfGE 131, 173 ................................................			175
BVerfG 22 August 1979, 73 BVerfGE 261, 269.............................................			162
BVerfG, 3 June 1980, 54 BVerfGE 148, 152 .................................................			117
BVerfG, 24 March 1981 [1981] FamRZ 429 ................................................			168
BVerfG, 11 November 1981, 58 BVerfGE 377, 398 ......................................			117
BVerfG, 4 May 1982, 60 BVerfGE 348, 357 .................................................			162
BVerfG, 8 July 1982, 61 BVergGE 82, 101 ...................................................			161
BVerfG, 12 January 1983, 63 BVerfGE 45, 67..............................................			162
BVerfG, 19 October 1983, 65 BVerfGE 196, 215..........................................			162
BVerfG, 15 December 1983, 65 BVerfGE 1, 41 ............................................			117
BVerfG, 16 October 1984, 67 BVerfGE 329, 341..........................................			117
BVerfG, 31 October 1984, 68 BVerfGE 193, 205..........................................			161
BVerfG, 8 October 1985, 70 BVerfGE 297, 317............................................			162
BVerfG, 26 March 1987, 24 BVerfGE 358, 370..............................		164, 165, 167
BVerfG, 7 February 1990 [1990] JZ 691, 692 ........................................			162, 177
BVerfG, 29 May 1990, 82 BVerfGE 106, [1990] NJW 2741 ..........................			164

		Table of Cases	xv
BVerfG, 7 May 1991 [1991] FamRZ 913, 915	..............................................		168
BVerfG, 11 June 1991, 84 BVerfGE 192, 195 ...............................................			162
BVerfG, 19 October 1993, 89 BVerfGE 214, 232...................................		122, 128
BVerfG, 7 March 1995, 92 BVerfGE 158, 176 .........[1995] FamRZ 789, 792			170
BVerfG, 21 February 2000 [2000] NJW 2495...............................................			122
Canada Trust Co, Re v. Ontario Human Rights Commission
(1990) 69 DLR (4th) 321 (Ont. CA)...............	63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 227, 246, 260,
	261, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 279
Caparo Industries plc v. Dickman [1990] 2 AC ................605		343, 346, 352, 355
CBC v. Dagenais [1994] 3 SCR 835...............................................................			19
Cheall v. APEX [1982] 3 All ER 855; [1983] QB ..........126; [1983] 2 AC 180			135
Chesterﬁeld v. Janssen (1750) 1 Atk. 339; 26 ER ...................................191			266
Christie v. York Corporation (1940) 1 DLR 81 (SCC);
[1940] SCR 139 ..........................................................................		65, 245, 278
CIBC Mortgages plc v. Pitt [1994] 1 AC 200................................................			157
City of Jerusalem v. Gordon 39(1) PD 113 ....................................................			22
Clunis v. Camden and Islington HA [1998] 3 .............................All ER 180			153
Clyatt v. United States 197 US 207 (1905)....................................................			289
Cole v. Gibson (1750) 1 Vern. Sen. 503, 27 ER ....................................1169			267
Constantine v. Imperial London Hotels, Ltd [1944] 2 All ER 171;
[1944] 1 KB 693 ...............................................................................		233, 248
Dagenais v. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (1994) 120 DLR (4th) 12
(SCC).......................................................................................................			57
Daily Air Staff Committee v. Chazin 4 PDA 365 ...........................................			37
Dan Frumer and Checkpoint Software Technologies v. Redguard
23 PDA 294 ............................................................................................			310
Darker v. Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police [2000]
3 WLR 747 .......................................................................		338, 339, 340, 341
Davenant v. Hurdis (1598) Moore 576; 72 ER .......................................769			268
Davis v. Radcliffe [1990] 1 WLR 821 ..........................................................			142
Depue v. Flatau 100 Minn. 299, 111 NW 1 (1907) .......................................			253
Dobson v. Dobson (1999) 174 DLR (4th) 1 (SCC) ..............................		67, 69, 70
Doe v. Bridgeton Hospital Association (1976) 366 A 2d 641 (SNJ);
71 NJ 478 (1976), cert den, 433 US 914, 97 S Ct 2987 53 L Ed 2d 1100
(1977) ......................................................................................		235, 236, 242
Donnelly v. Chief Constable of Lincolnshire, unreported,
QBD, 26 July 2000..................................................................................			342
Dorset Yacht v. Home Ofﬁce [1970] AC 1004, .....................................222, 353
Douglas v. Hello! Ltd [2001] 2 WLR 992.....................................................			135

Drummond Wren, Re [1945] 4 DLR 674 (Ont HC),........................63, 277, 278 Du Plessis v. De Klerk [1996] 3 SA 850 (CC), ...................44, 73, 91, 92, 94, 136

xvi Table of Cases
Easteronix Inc. v. Grafunkel 25 PDA 456 ....................................................			309
Economic Corporation to the Development of Kfar Mandah (1997) Inc. v.
Muhamad Zaidan (unpublished, 2000) ...................................................			309
“Eged” Aguda Shituphit v. Izhak Messiah 48(2) PD 66..................................			35
Egerton v. Earl Brownlow (1853) 4 HLC 1, 195-6; 10 ER 359, 436-7
(HL) .............................................	262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 269, 270, 274, 278
Eldridge v. British Columbia (AG) [1997] 3 SCR 624...................................			259
Elguzouli-Daf v. Commissioner of Police [1995] 2 WLR 173........................			144
Evans v. Abney 396 US 435 (1970) ................................................................			27
Evans v. Newton, 382 US 296 (1966)...........................................................			255
Federal Commerce and Navigation Co Ltd v. Tradax Export SA (The
Marathon Envoy) [1978] AC 1................................................................			185
Fender v. Mildmay [1937] 3 All ER 403; [1938] AC 1 ...........................			185, 271
Fox v. Fox Estate (1996) 28 Ont Rep 496 (CA).......................................			68, 277
Frame v. Smith (1987) 42 DLR (4th) ...........................................................			203
Franklin v. Evans (1924) 55 OLR 349 (KB).............		245, 246, 260, 261, 262, 263,
	265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 279, 363
Gallagher v. Berrow Wood School Ltd, 7 October 1999, unreported............			151
Gardener v. Whitaker [1995] 2 SA 672 (E) ....................................................			90
Garﬁne v. Monmouth Park Jockey Club, 29 NJ 47, 148 A 2d 1 (1959) .........			252
Gissler Inc. v. Cohen 23 PDA 115 ...............................................................			309
Gooding v. Edlow [1966] Que. SC 436.................................................			255, 279
Gower v. London Borough of Barnet [1999] ELR 356 ..........................			145, 152
Gower v. London Borough of Bromley [1999] ELR 356........................			340, 344
Griswold v. Connecticut 381 US 479 (1965).................................................			377
Guerra v. Italy (1998) 26 EHRR 357 ...........................................................			154
Haifa Chemicals Inc. v. The Histadrut 30 PDA 216.....................................			311
Halford v. UK (1997) 24 EHRR 523............................................................			156
Hall v. Potter (1695) Shaw Parl. Cas. 76; 1 ER 52 (HL)................................			267
Hanington v. Du-Chatel (1781) 1 Bro. CC 125, 28 ER 1028 .........................			269
Harrison v. Carswell (1975) 62 DLR (3d) 68 .................................		237, 238, 239
Helfend v. Southern California Rapid Transit District (1970) 465 P 2d 61
(Cal.) .....................................................................................................			372
Herut v. National Labour Court in Jerusalem 31(3) PD 124 ..........................			37
Hill v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1988] 2 All ER 238;
[1989] AC 53.................................	143, 144, 146, 150, 335, 336, 337, 341, 344
Hill v. Church of Scientology [1995] 2 SCR 1130; (1995) 126 DLR
(4th) 129 (SCC).............................................		19, 20, 45, 48, 54, 64, 65, 71, 74
Histadrut v. The State of Israel (unpublished, 2000)....................................			311
Histadrut v. Zim (unpublished, 2000)	.........................................................		310
Hohenzollern, OLG 19 August 1997, [1998] FamRZ 260......................			120, 121

	Table of Cases		xvii
Holland v. Lampen-Wolfe [2000] 1 WLR 1573 ....................................			340, 341
Holomisa v. Argus Newspapers Ltd [1996] 2 SA 588 (W) ..............................			89
Home Ofﬁce v. Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004 .................................			335
Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse (1990) 920 F 2d 967, 980 ................................			291
Horn & Leibobitz Inc. v. Histadrut (unpublished, 2000) .............................			311
Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2000]
3 WLR 379 .............................................................................................			340
Horwood v. Millar’s Timber and Trading Co [1917] KB 305 ......		37, 62, 64, 224
H.R. Moch Co v. Rensselaer Water Co (1928) 159 NE 896..........................			222
Hughes v. UK (1986) 48 DR 258 .................................................................			153
Hunter v. Canary Wharf [1997] 2 All ER 426 ..............................................			154
Indor v. Mayor of Jerusalem 45(4) PD 83 .....................................................			32
James v. UK (1986) 8 EHRR 123 ................................................................			158
Jarvis v. Hampshire County Council [2000] 2 FCR 310 ...............................			340
“Jerusalem Community” Funeral Society v. Lionel Aryeh Kestenbaum 46
(2) PD 464 .....................................................................	28, 36, 182, 183, 194
Joanna Yechiel v. Palestine Post (unpublished, 1993) ..................................			310
John v. Mirror Group Newspapers [1996] 2 All ER 35 ................................			135
Johnson v. Calvert (1993) 851 P 2d 776 (Cal SC) ........................................			194
Johnson v. Sparrow (1899) 15 Que. SC 104 .................................................			278
Jones v. Randall (1774) 98 ER 954, 955 .......................................................			270
Jones v. Secretary of State for Employment [1989] QB 1..............................			145
Jordan House v. Menow (1973) 38 DLR (3d) 105..........................................			49
JS v. UK, 3 January 1973 ............................................................................			140
Kahana v. Havaad Hamnahel Shel Reshut Hashidur 41(3) PD 225			32
Katun v. UK (1998) 26 EHRR CD 212 ........................................................			154
Keegan v. Ireland, Series A Nr 290; [1995] EuGRZ 113 ........................			169, 170
Kent v. Grifﬁths [2000] 2 All ER 474....................................................			340, 348
Key v. Bradshaw (1689) 2 Vern. 102, 23 ER 675 .........................................			267
Keyishian v. Board of Regents 385 US 589 (1967) .......................................			376
Khoo Sit Hoh v. Lim Thean Tong (1912) AC 323 ................................			121, 125
King v. Barclay’s Motel (1961) 25 WWR (NS) 240 ......................................			278
Kinsella v. Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire, The Times, 5 May ....1999			342
Kirkham v. the Chief Constable of Manchester [1989] 2 QB 283 .................			146
Kline v. Ansell 414 A 2d. 929 (Md SC, 1980) .................................................			62
Knightley v. Johns [1982] 1 All ER 301 .......................................................			146
L and P v. Reading Borough Council, unreported, CA,
12 March 2001 ................................................................................			340, 343
Laird v. Tatum 408 US 1 (1972) ..................................................................			376
Lamond v. Richard and the Gordon Hotels, Ltd [1897] 1 QB 541		................	232

xviii Table of Cases
Lamont v. Postmaster General 381 US 301 (1965) .......................................		376
Lane v. Cotton (1701) 12 Mod. 472.............................................................		230
Lasserson v. Workers Housing Inc 38(2) PD 237 ..........................................		33
Lavon v. MTM Constructions For Industry and Craft Inc. 32 PDA 584		.......309
Letton v. Godden (1866) LR 2 Eq. 122 ........................................................		231
Leiningen[1996] BayObLGZ 204; [2000] FamRZ 380, 385....................		118, 119
LG Arnsberg, 15 April 1991 [1992] NJW-RR 9 ...........................................		171
LG Karlsruhe, 11 April 1991 [1991] NJW-RR 1163 .....................................		171
LG Koblenz, 24 June 1991 [1991] NJW-RR 1162 ........................................		171
LG Zweibrücken, 3 June 1996 [1997] FamRZ 633.......................................		170
Lloyd Corp, Ltd v. Tanner 407 US 551 (1972) .............................................		237
Lloyds Bank v. Bundy [1975] 1 QB 326 .......................................................		218
Lochner v. New York 198 US 45 (1905) ......................................................		288
Loew’s Theatres v. Reynolds (1921) 30 Que. KB 459,....................245, 250, 278
Lonrho v. Tebbit [1991] 4 All ER 973 ..................................................		141, 142
Lopez-Ostra v. Spain (1994) 20 EHRR 277, ........................................154, 155
Lumley v. Wagner (1852) 1 De G M & 604, 42 ER 687 ...............................		291
Lüth (1958) 7 BVerfGE 198 .............................................	44, 106, 107, 115, 163
M v. Newham London Borough Council [1995] 3 All ER 353 ..............		147, 152
McCarthy v. Wellington City [1996] NZLR 481 ...........................................		70
McFarlane v. Taysid Health Board [1999] 3 WLR 1301...............................		353
McNally v. M&G Media (Pty) Ltd [1997] 4 SA 267 (W) ...............................		90
Marc Rich & Co AG v. Bishop Rock Marine Co Ltd (The Nicholas H)
[1996] AC 211 ........................................................................................		346
Marckx v. Belgium (1979) 2 EHRR 330 ................................	133, 139, 157, 166
Markt Intern Verlag GmbH & Klaus Beerman, Series A Nr 165 (ECtHR),
20 Nov. 1989...................................................................................		173, 174
Marsh v. Alabama 326 US 501 (1945) ..........................................	237, 240, 241
Mary Clark, 1 Blackf. 122 (Ind, 1821) .........................................................		289
Menorah v. The Estate of Mosh Tamar (dec.) CA 686/97............................		371
Messenger v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co 37 NJL 531 ..................................		252
Metropolitan Property Realizations Ltd v. Cosgrove 27 January 1992,
unreported .............................................................................................		135
Miller, Re [1938] SCR 1 .............................................................................		271
Mitchel v. Reynolds (1711) 24 ER 347.........................................................		267
Mitrani v. Minister of Transportation 37 (3) PD 337 ....................................		17
Moore v. Regents of the University of California (1990) 271 Cal. Rptr. 146,
(1990) 793 P. 2d 479,...............................................................................194
Munn v. Illinois 94 US 113 (1876) (US Sup. Ct.) ...................................		229, 231
Murphy v. Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398 ......................		346, 352
National Media Ltd v. Bogoshi [1948]4 SA 1196 (SCA).................................		95
Neethling v. Du Preez ..................................................................................		90

	Table of Cases xix
Neethling v. The Weekly Mail [1994] 1 SA 708 (A) .......................................		90
Neville v. Dominion of Canada News Co [1915] 3 KB 556 ............................		37
Nevo v. National Labour Court 44(4) PD 749...............................................		37
New Jersey v. Schmid (1980) 423 A 2d 615...........................................		240, 241
New York Times v. Sullivan 376 US 1 (1948) ................................................		26
Newspapers v. Keys [1980] IRLR 247 .........................................................		135
Noble and Wolfe, Re [1949] 4 DLR 375 (Ont CA) ........................................		63
Noble and Wolfe v. Alley [1951] 1 DLR 321 (SCC); [1951] SCR 54
(SCC) .................................................................................	63, 227, 255, 258
OLG Celle,, 5 December 1947 [1948] Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht
174.........................................................................................................		126
OLG Karlruhe, 24 June 1992 [1992] BRAK-Mitt 226...................................		172
Osman v. Ferguson [1993] 4 All ER 344 ........................	144, 332, 333, 334, 335,
336, 339, 340, 341, 342, 345, 347, 348, 355
Osman v. United Kingdom [1999] FLR 193;(1998) 5 BHRC 293 ......		8, 133, 139,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 182, 332, 333, 334, 336,
337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 348, 352, 353, 354, 355
Pakendorf v. De Flamingh [1982] 3 SA 146 (A) ........................................		90, 95
Palestine Post v. Joanna Yechiel 27 PDA 436 ..............................................		310
Palmer v. Tees Health Authority (2000) 2 LGLR 69; Lloyd’s Rep.
Med. 351.....................................................	149, 152, 338, 340, 343, 346, 352
Panesar v. Nestlé [1980] ICR 144 ................................................................		135
Parsons v. Thompson (1790) 1 HBl 322, 126 ER 190 ............................		268, 270
Patel v. Ali [1984] Ch. 283 ..........................................................................		157
People v. Budd (1889) 117 NY 1 (NY CA)...................................................		229
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of SA: in re ex parte President
of the RSA and others [2000] 2 SA 674 (CC)..............................................		95
Phelps v. Hillingdon London Borough Council [2000]
3 WLR 776...............................................................................		340, 348, 353
Ploof v. Putnam 81 Vt 471, 71 Atl 188 (1908) ..............................................		253
Pnidar v. Castro 37(4) PD 673 ......................................................................		33
Power v. Moss (1987) 61 Nﬂd & PEI Rep. 5 .................................................		62
Printing & Numerical Co v. Sampson (1975) LR 19 Eq 462 .....................		2, 184
Prugnell v. Gosse (1648) Allen 67, 82 ER 919...............................................		267
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins 447 US 74 (1980) ..............................		237
Pudmaskey v. Attorney General 6 PD 341.....................................................		28
Quong Wing v. The King (1914) 49 Sup. Ct. Rep. 440...................................		62
R. v. Barak (Alexander) (1985) 7 CR App. R. (S) 404 .............................		64, 206
R. v. Dyment [1988] 2 SCR 417 ....................................................................		66
R. v. Ministry of Defence, ex parte Smith [1996] QB 517.............................		156

xx Table of Cases
R. v. Morgentaler [1988] 1 SCR 30 ...............................................................			69
R. v. Oakes (1986) 26 DLR (4th) 200 ............................................................			72
R. v. Peters (1971) 17 DLR (3d) 128.......................................................			60, 239
R. v. Rahey [1987] 1 SCR 588.......................................................................			26
Rantzen v. Mirror Group Newspapers [1994] QB 670 .................................			135
Raviv v. Beit Yules 37(1) PD 533 ..................................................................			33
Rayner v. UK (1986) 47 DR 5 .....................................................................			154
Rekanat v. National Labour Court 51(3) PD 289.....................................			37, 38
Reno v. Condon 528 US 141, 120 S Ct 666 (2000) ........................................			383
Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 580 v.
Dolphin Delivery Ltd [1986] 2SCR 573; (1987) 33 DLR
(4th) 174................................................	19, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 57, 62, 74, 182
Rigby v. Chief Constable of Northamptonshire [1985] 2 All ER 986			............146
Rivett-Carnac v. Wiggins [1997] 3 SA 80 (C).................................................			90
Roe v. Wade 410 US 113 (1973) ...........................................................			236, 376
Rogers v. Clarence Hotel (1940) 2 WWR 545 ..............................................			278
Rogers v. Elliott 15 NE 768 (Mass. SJC, 1888) ..............................................			70
Rogers v. Parrey (1613) Bulst 136, 80 ER 1012.............................................			267
Rondel v. Worsley [1969] 1 AC 191 ............................................................			152
Rothﬁeld v. North British Railway Co [1920] SC 805...........................			232, 235
Rowling v. Takaro [1988] AC 473 ..............................................................			141
S v. Gloucestershire County Council [2001] 3 All ER 346 ..............		340, 345, 348
Sahar Insurance v. Elhadad CA 5557/95, 51 (2) PD 724................................			368
Saif Ali v. Sydney Mitchell & Co. [1980] AC 198 ........................................			152
Sarusi v. The National Labour Court 52 (4) PD 817 ....................................			307
Saumur v. City of Quebec [1953] 4 DLR 641.................................................			43
Saunders v. Edwards [1987] 2 All ER 651....................................................			153
Sealey v. Tandy [1902] 1 KB 296 .................................................................			262
Shaked v. The Jewish Agency (unpublished, 1998) ......................................			309
Sharam Inc Spokesperson v. Globus Inc 25 PDA 395.....................................			35
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) 334 US 1 ...........................................		26, 27, 227, 252
Shkwarchuk v. Hansen (1984) 34 Sask. Rep. 211...........................................			62
Smith & Grady v. UK (1999) 29 EHRR 493	................................................		156
Smith v. Gould (1707) 2 L Ld. Raym. 1275; 92 ER 338 ..................		224, 262, 263
Somerset v. Stewart (1972) Lofft 1; 98 ER 499.................................................			2
Sommersett’s Case (1772) 20 St Tr 179-80............................................			262, 263
Spencer v. UK (1998) 25 EHRR CD 105 ......................................................			141
Stovin v. Wise [1996] AC 923 ..............................................................			233, 343
Streeter v. Brogan, 113 NJ Super 486 (Ch Div 1971) ....................................			252
Stubbings v. UK (1993) 23 EHRR 213 .........................................................			155
Sumpter v. Hedges [1898] 1 QB 673 ............................................................			159
Sunday Times, 26 April 1979, Series A 30 [1979] EuGRZ 386 ......................			171

		Table of Cases	xxi
Sutherland Shire Council v. Heyman (1985) 60 ALR 1 .........................		142, 233
Swinney v. Chief Constable of Northumbria [1997] QB 464;
[1996] 3 WLR 968 ......................................................		144, 146, 341, 343, 344
Takano v. Mitsubishi Jushi KK 27 Minshu 1536...........................................			24
Taylor v. Director of the Serious Fraud Ofﬁce [1999] 2 AC 177 ...................			341
Tel-Aviv University v. Histadrut 30 PDA 385, .....................................309, 310
Thackwell v. Barclays Bank [1986] 1 All ER 676 .........................................			153
The Queen in the Right of Canada v. Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (1983)
143 DLR (3d) 9 (SCC) ..............................................................................			49
Tinsley v. Milligan [1994] 1 AC 340............................................................			153
Tipping v. St Helen’s Smelting Co (1863) B & S 608; 122 ER 588;
XI HLC 642; 11 ER 1483 ............................................................................			2
Toneguzzo-Norvell v. Savein (1994) 110 DLR (4th) 289 (SCC) ......................			62
TP and KM v. United Kingdom [2001] 2 FLR 549; [2001] 2 FCR 289;
[2001] Fam. Law 590 ....................................	47, 145, 149, 150, 151, 152, 331,
	342, 344, 348, 352, 353, 354
Ulpaney Hastrata v. Geri 16(4) PD 2407 .......................................................			37
Uston v. Resorts Int’l Hotel, 89 NJ 163, 173 (1982) .....................................			252
Vincent v. Lake Erie Transportation Co 124 NW 222 (Minn. SC 1910)........			253
Vriend v. Alberta [1998] 1 SCR 493 ............................................................			246
W v. Essex County Council [2000] 1 WLR 601	.............................	340, 348, 354
Waters v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2000] 1 WLR 1607.....			340
Whalen v. Roe 429 US 589, 599-601 (1973)..................................................			373
White v. Jones [1995] 1 All ER 691 .............................................................			233
Whiteside v. UK (1994) 18 EHRR CD 126...................................................			141
Wilkinson v. Downton [1897] 2 QB 57 .........................................................			65
Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co (1965) 350 F 2d 445 (DC Cir.) ....			286
Wilson v. First County Trust [2001] 2 WLR 302 .........................................			340
Winer v. UK (1986) 48 DR 154 ...................................................................			140
Workers Trust & Merchant Bank Ltd v. Dojap Investments Ltd [1993]
AC 573...................................................................................................			158
X v. Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 3 All ER 353 ................		141, 145, 147,
		152, 331, 355
X and Y v. Netherlands (1986) 8 EHRR 235 ........................................		133, 139
Yuen Kun-yeu v. Attorney General of Hong Kong [1988] AC 175 (PC)........			142
Z v. United Kingdom [2001] 2 FLR 612; [2001] 2 FLR 246;
10 BHRC 384 .............................................	145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 331,
339, 343, 344, 348, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355

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